1
1
nhiZ gyn¤§` (mvt)
Hazrat Mohammad (A.)
{wLªóvã-570-632}
570 wLª÷v‡ã
Avie †`‡ki g°v kn‡i †Kv‡ik es‡k nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Rb¥ MÖnb K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi
bvg Avãyjvn Be‡b gyËvwje, gvZvi bvg Avwgbv| nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (mvt) hLb gvZ…M‡f©
ZLbB Zvui wcZvi g„Zz¨ nq| wcZvi g„Zz¨i K‡qKgvm c‡iB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Gi Rb¥|
cy‡Îi AveZ©gv‡b
†cŠ‡Îi me fvi wb‡jb Ave`yjvni wcZv gyËvwje| †cŠ‡Îi bvg ivL‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)| Aviwe fvlvq Gi A_© me©Rbc~R¨| †mw`b gyËvwje KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb GKw`b
Zvui †cŠÎ c„w_exi †KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li c~R¨ n‡eb|
gv Avi `v`yi
†mœnQvqvq eo n‡q DV‡Z _v‡Kb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) wKš‘ †mBUzKz myLI Zvui fv‡M¨
mBj bv| mvZ eQi eq‡m gv‡K nviv‡Z nj| Avwk eQ‡ii e„× gyËvwje wcZ…gvZ…nxb nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) †K †mœn fv‡jvevmv w`‡q eo K‡i Zzj‡Z _v‡Kb| gvÎ `yeQi ci wZwbI
B‡š—Kvj Ki‡jb|
AwffveKnxb nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi me `vwqZ¡ wb‡jb Zvui KvKv Avey Zvwje| Avey Zvwj‡ei msmv‡i
Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv wQj bv, Zv m‡Ë¡&I gyn¤§‡`i cÖwZ Zvui wQj Mfxi fv‡jvevmv|
†hLv‡bB †h‡Zi nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K mv‡_ wb‡q †h‡Zb| Avey Zvwje e¨emviKv‡R
gv‡S g‡a¨ †`kåg‡Y †ei n‡Zb| Zvui m½x n‡q nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) GK †`k †_‡K Av‡iK
†`‡k ‡h‡Zb| c‡_i av‡ii mewKQzB `y‡PvL e‡i †`L‡Zb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| hLb my›`i
†Kv‡bv wKQz †`L‡Zb, Avjvni Ki“Yvi K_v fve‡Z fve‡Z Zvui mg¯— Aš—i c~Y© n‡q DVZ|
Avevi hLb `„wó‡MvPi n‡Z †Kvb aŸsm¯‘c g‡b nZ gvby‡li cv‡ci K_v| Ggwbfv‡e eo n‡q
DV‡Z _v‡Kb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)|
‡mB mgq Avie
`ywbqvq wLª÷ag© Avi Bû`x a‡g©i e¨vcK cÖfve| `yB a‡g©i †jv‡Kiv G‡K Ab¨‡K N„Yv
KiZ| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB cÖPvi KiZ Zv‡`i ag© †kªô| evwn¨K AvPvi-AvPiY Avi Avo¤^i‡KB Zviv
a‡g©i cÖavbi“c e‡j †g‡bwb‡qwQj| G‡`i cvkvcvwk i‡q‡Q Av‡iK gvbyl hviv †cŠËwjK
a‡g©i Dcvmbv KiZ|
wewfbœ a‡g©i
mvgwMÖK i“c †`‡L nhi‡Zi g‡b nj gvby‡li GB cvi¯úwiK we‡Øl, mskq, Kzms¯‹vi AÜ
g~wZ©c~Rv wek¦kªôvi cig mZ¨ Ki“Yv ‡_‡K gvby‡li Aš—i‡jvK‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †i‡L‡Q|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi Aš—i‡jvK GK bZzb †PZbvi D‡b¥l NU‡Z _v‡K| wZwb DcjwÜ Ki‡jb ïay agx©q
cÖ_v I bxim cÖvYnxb AvPvi-Abyôvb bq, cÖwZgv c~Rv bq, †mB cig kw³ whwb gvbe RMr
RxeRMr m„wó K‡i‡Qb, mKj‡K Pvjbv K‡i‡Qb,Zv‡K Aš—‡i Abyfe KivB Bmjvg a‡g©i g~j
K_v|
GB Abyfe‡K wfwË
K‡iB mgmvgwqK `ywU cÖavb ag©gZ Bûw` I wLªóa‡g©i µzwU-wePz¨wZ‡K ev` w`‡q GK bZzb
ag©cÖPv‡ii ¯^cœ †`L‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| †hLv‡b _vK‡e bv †Kv‡bv †Mvuovwg, Kzms¯‹vi,
cÖwZgv c~Rv, †mB D`vi ag©gZ‡K Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e RM‡Zi j¶ j¶ gvby‡li Kv‡Q| GB mgq
gv‡S gv‡S nhi‡Zi gb cvw_©e RM‡Zi mxgvbv AwZµg K‡i GK Ab¨‡jv‡K nvwi‡q †hZ|
KvKv Avey
Zvwj‡ei Avw_©K `yie¯’vi Rb¨ †fov Povevi KvR wb‡qwQ‡jb nhiZ| †Mva~wj‡ejvq wbR©b
cÖvš—‡i Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z gv‡S gv‡SB AvZ¥gMœ n‡q †h‡Zb| wek¦cÖK…wZi bvbvb i“‡ci g‡a¨
cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Zb GK cig kw³i cÖKvk| gy» we¯§‡q Awff~Z n‡q †h‡Zb| Dcjw× Ki‡Z Zvui
Aš—‡ii GK m~¶cwieZ©b|
Zey&I Zvwi
gv‡S †h †hŠe‡bi a‡g©i gbtRMr PÂj n‡q DVZ Ggb bq| GKw`b Zvi GK m½x‡K †W‡K ej‡jb,
w`b †kl n‡q G‡m‡Q, AvR‡Ki ivwÎUzKz Zzwg Avgvi †fov¸wj cvnvov `vI| Avwg kn‡i
wM‡q GKUz Av‡gv` dzwZ© K‡i Avwm| nhi‡Zi m½x GK K_vq ivRx n‡q †Mj| mvR‡cvkvK c‡i
†ei n‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| kn‡ii Kv‡Q †h‡ZB Zvui †PvL coj GK evwo‡Z weev‡ni
Av‡qvRb Pj‡Q| KZ gvbylRb, mK‡jB Avb›` Ki‡Q| GK A`„k¨ gvqvq †mLv‡b i‡q †M‡jb
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)|
ciw`b Nyg
fvO‡ZB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Dcjwä Ki‡jb †Kv‡bv GK A`„k¨ kw³ Zvu‡K cvc c‡_i
cÖ‡jvfb †_‡K cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© i¶v Ki‡Q| GB NUbvi ci nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) †Kv‡bvw`b
cvc KvR Kivi B”Qv‡K g‡b ¯’vb †`qwb| evj¨Kvj †_‡KB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) wQ‡jb
LyeB webqx| G R‡b¨ g°vi †jv‡Kiv Zvu‡K ÔAvj-AvgxbÕ Dcvwa w`‡qwQj|
‡mB mgq g°vq
evm Ki‡Z GK abx gwnjv, bvg Lvw`Rv| BwZc~‡e© Zvui `yevi weevn n‡qwQj, `yB
¯^vgxiB g„Zy¨ n‡q‡Q| Pwj‡k cv w`‡qwQ‡jb Lvw`Rv| wKš‘ AUzU i“c †hŠeb, mshgx
PwiÎ, Zx¶è eyw×,AmvaviY e¨w³‡Z¡i Rb¨ g°vi abx †bZ…¯’vbxq AwaKvsk gvbylB
Lvw`Rv‡K weevn Ki‡Z PvBZ| wKš‘ Kv‡iv cÖwZ mvgvb¨Zg AvMÖn †`Lvbwb Lvw`Rv|
Lvw`Rv Zvui
wKQz cY¨ wmwiqvq wb‡q hvevi Rb¨ GKRb Dchy³ †jv‡Ki mÜvb KiwQ‡jb| wb‡Ri Kg©Pvwii
Kv‡Q mg¯— e„Ëvš— ï‡b Lvw`Rv †W‡K cvVv‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K †mB Kv‡R wbhy³
Ki‡jb| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi kvš— my›`i †Pnviv, `y‡Pv‡Li Mfxi `„wó †`‡L gy»
n‡jb Lvw`Rv| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi eqm ZLb gvÎ cuwPk| Zey&I wZwb m¤§wZ
w`‡jb| we‡q n‡q †Mj `yR‡bi| G we‡qi d‡j `ywU RxebB cwic~Y© my‡Li n‡qwQj|
Lvw`Rv eyS‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) †Kvb mvaviY cyi“l bb| Zvui g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GK ˆ`ekw³|
weevwnZ n‡jI ¯^vgx‡K msmvi, e¨emvi e܇b Rwo‡q †d‡jb wb Lvw`Rv|
Avw_©K `yie¯’v
`~i nevi Kvi‡Y nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) I ¯^vaxb Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| PvwiwÎK `„pZvg
gayi e¨envi, mr cweÎ Rxeb ¯’vbxq gvbyl‡`i gy» K‡iwQj| mK‡jB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-‡K kª×v KiZ| Rxe‡bi Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡KI nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Zvui w`b-iv‡Zi
AwaKvsk mgqB e¨wqZ Ki‡Zb †mB m„wóKZ©vi a¨v‡b| g°v kn‡ii evB‡i GK cvnv‡oo ¸nvq
P‡j †h‡Zb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| mg¯— w`b †mLv‡b a¨vb Ki‡Zb| ax‡i ax‡i Zvui g‡bi
me wØav mskq `~i n‡q AvmwQj | †h AmsL¨ wRÁvmv cÖwZ g~û‡Z© Zvui Aš—i‡K Av”Qbœ
K‡i ivLZ, µgkB DcjwÜ KiwQ‡jb ci‡gk¦i AvjvnB GB wek¦cÖK…wZi †PZb A‡PZb Ro mRxe
mg¯— wKQziB mªóv| wZwbB mg¯— RxeRMr†K PvwjZ Ki‡Qb| wZwbB GKgvÎ mZ¨| †mB Avjvn
Qvov wek¦RM‡Zi mewKQzB wg_¨v| g~wZ©c~Rv cvc| Ab¨ †`e‡`fxi Kíbv AjxK| GK mgq
µgkB GK w`e¨ Rxe‡bi Av‡jvq D™¢vwmZ n‡q DVwQj nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi mg¯— Aš—i|
GKw`b ¯¿x Lvw`Rvi mv‡_ a¨vb KiwQ‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| AK¯§vr Zvui gyL †_‡K
wbtm„Z nj GK cÖv_©bvi evYx|
‡n RM‡Zi mªôv,
Avgiv †ZvgviB m„ô RM‡Zi evwm›`v, †ZvgviB RqMvb Kwi| Zzwg Avb›` Ki“Yvi Avavi,
ZzwgB me cvccy‡Y¨i wePviK ZvB †Zvgvi Kv‡QB cÖv_©bv Kwi| Zzwg Avgv‡`i b¨vq I mZ¨
a‡g©i c‡_ PvwjZ Ki| hviv †Zvgv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i Zviv åvš— c‡_i cw_K, KL‡bv Zv‡`i c‡_
PvwjZ bv nB|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) GB mg¯— Dc‡`k evYx mh‡Zœ wj‡L ‡i‡L‡Qb Zvui AbyMvgx eÜz, wkl¨iv, KL‡bv ¯¿x
Lvw`Rv| cieZx©Kv‡j GB mg¯— Dc‡`k m¼jb K‡iB m„wó nj Bmjvg RM‡Zi g~j¨evb MÖš’
Avj-nv`xm|
-Gi GB ag©bxwZ
Dc‡`k gvÎ K‡qKRbB kª×vfv‡e ïb‡Zb, Zv cvjb Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zb| G‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb
nhiZ-cZœx Lvw`Rv, RvB, cvwjZ Avwj, eÜy Avey eKi|
GB Aí K‡qKRb
Qvov mK‡jB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K Dcnvm KiZ| A‡b‡K mivmwi Zvui Kv‡Q ejZ Bk¦i
‡cÖwiZ cyi“l Qvov Avgiv Ab¨ Kv‡iv Dc‡`k MÖnY Kie bv|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) wØavMÖ¯— n‡q c‡ob| wLªóvb I Bûw`‡`i g‡a¨ Avwef©~Z n‡qwQ‡j whï †gv‡Rm|
Zvu‡`i mK‡jB Ck¦‡ii AeZvi e‡j MÖnY K‡i‡Q wKš‘ wZwb †Zv GKRb gvbyl| wbZvš—B
gvbyl| Zvui g‡a¨ †m Bk¦wiK kw³ †Kv_vq?
GK Mfxi
Aš—Ø©‡›Ø Avi AvZ¥wRÁvmvq Zvui mg¯— Aš—i D‡ØwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| a¨v‡bi Mfx‡i Wye †`b
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| ax‡i ax‡i Zvui a¨vb, Bk¦‡ivcjwä, gyL wbtm„Z evbx-Gi
†Kv‡bvUvB †Zv Zvui m‡PZb cÖqvm bq| GK A`„k¨ kw³ Zvu‡K Avcb †Pv‡L PvwjZ Ki‡Q|
gnr Kg© mva‡b Zvu‡K Avcb †Pv‡L PvwjZ Ki‡Q|gnr Kg© mva‡b Zvu‡K cÖwZ gyû‡Z©
AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Q|
GK Mfxi
AvZ¥cÖZ¨q †R‡M I‡V nhi‡Z g‡b| bZzb D`¨‡g ïi“ Ki‡jb Zvui ag©cÖPvi| GKw`b a¨vb
Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Nywg‡q c‡o‡Qb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| AK¯§vr Zvui Nyg †f‡½ †Mj| †P‡q
†`L‡jb GK †R¨vwZg©q Zvui mvg‡b `vuwo‡q‡Q| †m †hb ej‡Q, †n gyn¤§`, Zzwg mZ¨ mZ¨B
Avjvni †cÖwiZ cyi“l, ZzwgB cqM¤^i byi bex| me©`kx©|
AvjvnievYx
cÖPv‡ii Rb¨B †Zvgvi Avwef©ve| GK Awbe©Pbxq Avb‡›` c~Y© n‡q DVj nhi‡Zi gb| Zvui
AvZ¥xq eÜz cwiRb‡`i †W‡K ej‡jb Avjvni Av‡`‡ki K_v | A‡b‡K Zvu‡K wek¦vm Kij|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g `xw¶Z n‡jb nhi‡Zi ¯¿x Lvw`Rv| nhi‡Zi GK PvKi RvB` Ges Zvi ¯¿xI
nhi‡Zi cÖewZ©Z bZzb ag©MÖnY Kij| GB mgq g°vi GK weL¨vZ e¨emvqx Avey eKi nhiZ
gyn¤§` (mvt)-Gi be cÖewZ©Z a‡g©i cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q Zvui ag© MÖnY Ki‡jb| Avi K‡qKRb
wcÖq eÜz&I Zvui AbyMvgx n‡eb|‡`L‡Z †`L‡Z Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶‡Zi msL¨v nj Pwjk|
Giv mK‡jB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi c~e© cwiwPZ, Zvui AvZ¥xq eÜz cwiRb|GB
g°vevmx‡`i g‡a¨ ag©cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ GwM‡q G‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| Zv‡`i g‡a¨
AwaKvskB wQj †cŠËwjK, bvbvb Kzms¯‹v‡i wek¦vmx| Zviv mK‡j nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K
VvUªv-we`ª“‡c RR©wiZ KiZ|AvZ¥wek¦vm Avi Avjvn‡cÖwiZ kw³‡Z ejxqvb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)| mg¯— wKQz‡K D‡c¶v K‡i Zvui ag©cÖPvi Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|
µgkB g°vevmx‡`i
g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB Zvui ag©g‡Zi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ Lye mvgvb¨ msL¨K gvbylB Zvui
ag©MÖMY Kij| †mB mgq g°vq †Kv‡ikxq‡`i me©e¨vß cÖfve| Bmjvg a‡g©i RbwcÖqZv j¶¨
K‡i †Kv‡ikxq‡`i †¶vf †d‡U coj| ïi“ nj Bmjvg ag©vš—wiK gvbyl‡`i Dci AK_¨
AZ¨vPvi| we‡klZ mgv‡Ri wbPzZjvi gvbyl µxZ`vDci wbcxob nZ me‡P‡q †ekx|
Zvui AbyMvgx‡i`
Dci GB wbcxob †`‡L e¨w_Z n‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| Zv‡`i wbivcËvi Rb¨
Avwewmwbqvq wM‡q Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z ej‡jb| †mLvbKvi myjZvb wQ‡jb D`vi ciag©gZ
mwnÂz| Bmjvgagx© †jv‡Kiv †Mvc‡b g°v †Q‡o iIbv nj Avwewmwbqvi w`‡K| †Kv‡ikxqiv
†mB msev` cv&Iqv gvÎB Zv‡`i AbymiY Kij| hLb Zviv e›`‡i wM‡q †cŠuQvj, nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi AbMvgx‡i` wb‡q RvnvR ZLb `~i mgy‡`ª †f‡m Pj‡Q|
‡Kv‡ikxq‡`i
†¶vf †d‡U coj nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi Dci| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv ˆ`wnK ¶wZ Ki‡Z mvnm
wQj bv Kv‡iv| KviY mK‡jB gyn¤§‡`i KvKv Avey Zv‡je †K fq KiZ, mgxn KiZ| Avey Zv‡je
nhi‡Zi ag©gZ MÖnY bv Ki‡jI Zvu‡K LyeB fvjevm‡Zb| Zvu‡K mg¯— wec` †_‡K Qvqvi
g‡Zv i¶v Ki‡Zb|
‡mB Avey
Zv‡j‡ei g„Zz¨ nj| Zvui cvuP mßvn Av‡M g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi
wcÖqZgv cZœx, Zvui myL-`ytL Kg©Rxe‡bi cÖ`vb mv_x Lvw`Rv wewei| ci ci `ywU
g„Zz¨‡Z G‡Kev‡i †f‡½ co‡jb gyn¤§`| g°v kni&I Avi Zvui fv‡jv jvMwQj bv|
g°vevmx‡i` g‡a¨ ag©cÖPv‡i †Zgb mvdj¨ cvw”Q‡jb bv| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) w¯’i
Ki‡jb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kn‡i wM‡q ag©cÖPv‡ii KvR ïi“ Ki‡eb|
ZLb 620mvj|
Kvev N‡ii Drme Dcj‡¶ †`k-we‡`k †_‡K Zx_©hvÎxiv G‡mwQj| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ gw`bvi GKw`b
Zx_©hvÎx wQj| Zviv mK‡jB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi K_v ï‡bwQj| GKw`b nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) Gi mv‡_ Zv‡`i Avjvc nj| cÖ_g Avjv‡cB gy» n‡jv Zviv| mK‡jB Bmjvg ag© MÖnY
Kij| gw`bv wd‡i wM‡q Zviv ïi“ Kij nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖPvi|
ermi AwZµvš—
n‡jv| gw`bvi †ek wKQz gvbyl Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z nj| GB msev` g°vi †Kv‡ikxq‡`i Kv‡Q
†Mvcb _v‡K bv|mK‡jB w¶ß n‡q DVj nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi wei“‡×| ïi“ nj Zv‡K
nZ¨vi lohš¿| †Mvc‡b msev` †c‡q nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Avey eKi‡K mv‡_ wb‡q GKUv
¸nvi g‡a¨ AvZ¥‡Mvcb Ki‡jb| K‡qKw`b †mLv‡b †_‡K nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) iIbv n‡jb
gw`bvi w`‡K| g°v †_‡K gw`bvi `~iZ¡ cÖvq 250 gvBj|
AvU w`b
Awekªvš— c_ Pjvi ci nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) G‡m †cŠQ‡jb QvqvkxZj cvnvi MvQcvjv †Niv
gw`bv kn‡i| gw`bvevmxiv wKQzw`b a‡iB cÖZx¶v KiwQj Zv‡`i ag©¸i“i| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi AvMgb evZ©v bM‡i G‡m †cŠQ‡ZB mK‡j Zvu‡K mv`i Af¨_©bv Rvbvq| †mB w`bUv
wQj †mvgevi 622 wLªóv‡ãi 28†k Ryb|
gw`bv Avkªq
MÖnY Ki‡jb nhiZ gyn¤§` (mvt)| Aí wKQzw`b ci g°v ‡_‡K Zvui cwievi G‡m †cŠuQvj|
gw`bvi gvbyl nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K Avjvn †cÖwiZ AeZvi e‡j g‡b KiZ| `‡j `‡j
gvbwl Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| †KD hv‡Z gw`bvq †Kvb cY¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z bv
cv‡i †mBRb¨ jyUZvivR ïi“ Kij|
wb‡R‡i` Aw¯—Z¡
&I ag©i¶vi Rb¨ gw`bvevmxivI cÖ¯‘Z n‡q DVj| mk¯¿ gw`bvevmxiv G‡m Ro nj e`‡ii
cÖvš—‡i| g°vevmxiv msL¨vq †ekx nIqv m‡Ë¡&I hy‡× civwRZ nj|
hy‡× Rqx n‡jI
mvgvb¨Zg DjvwmZ n‡jb bv nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| kvš— wP‡Ë ¶gv Ki‡jb civwRZ kµ‡`i|
†h hvi wb‡Ri M„‡n wd‡i †M‡jb| wKš‘ GB civR‡qi †¶vf wKQz‡ZB fyj‡Z cvijv bv
g°vevmxiv| K‡qK gvm ci wekvj ‰mb¨evwnbx wb‡q Avµgb Kij g`xbvevmx‡`i Dci|
&Iû‡`i cÖvš—‡i hy× ïi“ nj| hy‡×
mvgwiK civRq eiY Ki‡jI †kl ch©š— kw³ mÂq K‡i 630 wLª÷v‡ãi Rvbyqvix gv‡m nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) g°v Avµgb Ki‡jb|
‡mB Avµg‡Y
†kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nj g°vemxiv| hy× Rq K‡iI civwRZ‡`i cÖwZ mvgvb¨Zg AmwnÂzZv
cÖKvk Ki‡jb bv nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| AbyMvgx‡`i mv‡_ wb‡q g°v kn‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb|
Kvev N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i cyi‡bv Kv‡jv cv_iwU Qvov Avi me gyywZ© †d‡j †`evi ûKzg
w`‡jb| †mB †_‡K Kv‡jv cv_iwU `ywbqvi mgš— gymwjg‡`i Kv‡Q GK cweÎ e¯‘|
GBevi ïi“ nj
g°vevmx‡`i g‡a¨ Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖPvi| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)- Gi D`vi ü`q, Zvui
gnvbyfeZv †`‡L `‡j `‡j gvbyl Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Kij|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi Bmjvg ag© cÖeZ©‡bi Av‡M Avie‡`‡k †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ag© wQj bv| wewfbœ
A‡ji gvbyl wewfbœ †`e‡`exi c~Rv-AP©bv KiZ| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †`e‡`ex †hgb Avjv`v wQj,
Zv‡`i c~Rv c×wZ&I wQj Avjv`v| mK‡jB g‡b KiZ Zv‡`i AvPvi-wePviB †kªô, d‡j
cvi¯úwiK nvbvnvwb †j‡MB _vKZ| Dcvmbvi †P‡q Avo¤^iB wQj †mLv‡b †ewk, hw`I Bûw`
Avi wLªó ag©vejw¤^iv †Kvb g~wZ©c~Rv KiZ bv| wKš‘ wLª÷vbiv whï I †gwii g~wZ©‡KB
Dcvmbv KiZ| Bûw` a‡g©i g‡a¨I bvbvb ms¯‹vi wQj|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) mg¯— ag©‡KB fv‡jvfv‡e cÖZ¨¶ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb †cŠËwjKZvi †Nvi we‡ivax|
wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, Avjvn wbivKvi| †mB Avjvn‡K †Kv‡bv g~wZ©i g‡a¨ Kíbv Kivi
A_© Avjvn‡K bq, g~wZ©‡KB Dcvmbv Kiv| ZvQvov wewfbœ a‡g©i Dcvmbv c×wZ GZ RwUj
Avo¤^ic~Y© †h, mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| ZvB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)
†P‡qwQ‡jb Zvui a‡g© _vK‡e bv †Kv‡bv g~wZ©c~Rv| _vK‡e bv †Kv‡bv Avo¤^i, †Kv‡bv
ms¯‹vi| GK wbivKvi Avjvn‡K Aej¤^b K‡i gvbyl cÖvZ¨wnK RxebPP©vi mv‡_ ag©PP©v
Ki‡e, mK‡jB wKQz wbqgbxwZ †g‡b Pj‡e| Zvn‡jB Avjvni Ki“Yv mKj Bmjvgagx© gvby‡li
Dci ewl©Z n‡e|
g°v R‡qi ci
Zvui g‡bi AvKv•Lv c~Y© n‡jv| ïay g°v gw`bv bq, cvk¦©eZx© eû A‡ji gvbyl MªnY
Kij Bmjvg ag©|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) †NvlYv Ki‡jb, Avjvn hy‡M hy‡M GK GKRb gvbyl‡K †cÖiY K‡ib Zvui evbx‡K
gvby‡l gv‡S cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨| BwZc~‡e© nhiZ Beªvnxg (Avt), †gv‡Rm, whï Zvui
†cÖwiZ cyi“l wn‡m‡e a‡g©i evYx‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| AvwgI Avjvni
wb‡`©‡k Zvui evYx‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖPvi KiwQ|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi eqm hLb Pwjk eQi ZLb wZwb beyqZ jvf K‡ib Ges Zvui Ici me©‡kªô me©‡kl
Ges †kªô ag©MÖš’ cweÎ †KviAvb kixd bvwRj nq|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi D`vi evYx g°vi AwaKvsk gvbyl MÖnb Ki‡jI Bûw`iv wKQz‡ZB Zvui †kªôZ¡‡K
¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvBwQj bv| Zviv cÖKv‡k¨ wei“×vPviY bv Ki‡jI †Mvc‡b lohš¿ ïi“ Kij|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) †P‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i mv‡_ mnve¯’vb| wKš‘ hLb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Zv‡`i mv‡_ ˆgÎx m¤¢e bq, mivmwi Zv‡`i wei“‡× hy× †NvlYv Ki‡jb|
LvBev‡ii Kv‡Q ïi“ nj Zzgyj hy×, GKw`‡K gymjgvb evwnbx Ab¨w`‡K Bûw`iv| hy‡×
Bûw`iv †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nj| eû cyi“l wbnZ nj| mg¯— bvix I wkï‡K ew›` Kiv nj|
mg¯— ew›`‡`i wb‡q Avmv nj g°vq| hviv nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Kij
Zv‡`i gy³ Kiv nj| wKèZz hviv Zvu wei“×vPiY Kij Zv‡`i mKj‡K `v‡m cwiYZ Kiv nj|
GB ew›`‡`i g‡a¨ mywdqv bv‡g GK Bûw` igYx wQj| †m weevwnZv n‡jI eû c~‡e©B g‡b
g‡b nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K wb‡Ri cwZ e‡j g‡b KiZ| hLb Zv‡K nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi Kv‡Q wb‡q Avmv nj, ‡m wb‡Ri B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡ZB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) mv`‡i
Zv‡K ¯¿x wn‡m‡e MÖnb Ki‡jb|
Aci GK Bûw`
igYxi bvg wQj Rqbve| hy‡× Zvi ¯^vgx, wcZv wbnZ n‡qwQj| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi
cÖwZ Zvi wQj Zxeª N„Yv| ZvB Zv‡K `vmx wnmv‡e ivLv nj| Zvi KvQ wQj ivbœv Kiv|
memgq my‡hvM LyuR‡Zv Kxfv‡e nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-‡K kvw¯— †`&Iqv hvq| GKw`b
my‡hvM ey‡S nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi Rb¨ ˆZix Lvev‡i Zxeª wel wgwk‡q w`j|
iv‡Zi †ejvq
Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ †L‡Z ej‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| †mB Lvevi gy‡L ¯úk© Kiv gvÎB
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) e‡j DV‡jb, †Zvgiv †KB GB Lvevi ¯úk© K‡iv bv, G‡Z wel
†gkv‡bv Av‡Q| wKš‘nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi GK AbyPi BwZg‡a¨B A‡bKLvwb Lvevi †L‡q
†d‡jwQj| mv‡_ mv‡_ †m gviv †Mj| Rqbve‡K ew›` Kiv nj| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Zv‡K
wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, Zzwg †Kb GB N„Y¨ KvR Ki‡j?
Rqbve mvgvb¨Zg
wePwjZ bv n‡q `„p K‡Ú ejj, Zzwg Avgvi ¯^vgx‡K nZ¨v K‡iQ Avi wcZv‡K nZ¨v K‡iQ
Avwg Zvi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z †P‡qwQ| mK‡jB Zv‡K g„Zz¨`Û w`‡Z PvBj wKš‘ nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) Zvi mZ¨evw`Zv, mvnm †`‡L gy» n‡q Zv‡K ¶gv K‡i wb‡Ri M„‡n wd‡i hvevi
AbygwZ w`‡jb| Gevi Bmjvg ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ G‡Ki ci GK ivR¨ AvµgY K‡i AwaKvi K‡i
wb‡jb| hviv Zvui AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Kij Zv‡`i K`i ivR¨ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nj| wZwb
Av‡`k w`‡jb, K`i iv‡R¨i Drcvw`Z k‡m¨i A‡a©K Ki wn‡m‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
Gw`‡K nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zvui cÖavb we‡ivax †Kv‡ik m¤cÖ`vq g°vq ˆmb¨ msMÖn
K‡i hy× †NvlYv Kij| Zv‡`i m‡½ †hvM w`‡qwQj Av‡iv AmsL¨ DcRvwZ| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) †mB weivU evwnbxi gy‡LvgywL nevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡jb| ZvQvov wZwb Rvb‡Zb hZw`b
bv †Kv‡ik m¤cÖ`vqfy³ gvbyl‡`i Bmjgv a‡g© `xw¶Z Ki‡Z bv cvi‡Qb ZZw`b Zvui
ag©we¯—vi m¤ú~Y© n‡e bv| weivU GK ˆmb¨evwnbx wb‡q hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡jb|GB fqven
hy‡×i gv‡bB g„Zz¨ Avi aŸsm| GU Ki‡Z Zvi gb PvBwQj bv|
weivU
ˆmb¨evwnbx wb‡q PZzw`©K †_‡K g°vbMix wN‡i †dj‡jb| Zvui GB wekvj ˆmb¨evwnbx †`‡L
fxZ mš¿¯— c‡q coj †Kv‡ikiv| ZvQvov Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eû †bZv wek¦vm Ki‡Z Avi¤¢
K‡iwQ‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) GKRb Avjvni †cÖwiZ cyi“l| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) hLb
mwÜi cÖ¯—ve cvVv‡jb ZLb AwaKvsk †bZvB †mB mwÜi cÖ¯—ve MÖnY Kij wKš‘ Aí wKQz
†bZv mivmwi hy× †NvlYv Kij| †kl ch©š— †kvPbxqfv‡e Zviv civwRZ nj| m‰m‡b¨ bM‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) ej‡jb, hviv cweÎ Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i mg¯— g~wZ©,
†`eweMÖn wemR©b †`‡e Zv‡`i ¶gv Kiv n‡e|
Aí K‡qKRb ev‡`
mK‡jB Zvui AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Kij| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Zv‡`i ¶gv Ki‡jb| hviv †Nvi
Acivax Zv‡`iI †klch©š— ¶gv Kiv nj| ïaygvÎ PviR‡bi g„Zz¨`Û †`Iqv nj| G‡`i g‡a¨
GKR‡bi bvg wQj nveŸve| my‡hvM ey‡S †m cvwj‡q †Mj| GB nveŸve nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi eo †gq Rqbv‡ei gyZz¨i Rb¨ `vqx| GKw`b Rqbve Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq ¯^vgxi m‡½
D‡Vi wc‡V †P‡c g°v †Q‡o nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi m‡½ mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨ hvw”Qj| c‡_i
gv‡S GB nveŸve Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| Rqbe‡K D‡Ui wcV †_‡K bvwg‡q Av‡b| AvZ‡¼
Rqbv‡ei Mf©mªve W‡q †Mj Avi Zv‡ZB Zvi g„Zz¨ nq| nveŸve cvwj‡q †M‡jI K‡qK gvm ci
avi c‡o †Mj| Zv‡K nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Gi Kv‡Q wb‡q Avmv n‡j †m AbyZß ü`‡q ¶gv
†P‡q nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-G cv‡q jywU‡q coj| Kb¨vi nZ¨vKvix †R‡j&I †kl ch©š—
Zv‡K ¶gv Ki‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb mg¯— Avi‡ei gvbyl hviv wfbœ
wfbœ wef³ n‡q cÖwZwbqZ wb‡R‡`i nvbvnvwb gvivgvwi K‡i P‡j‡Q, Zv‡`i GK HK¨m~‡Î
Ave× Kiv hv‡Z Zviv nvbvnvwb cvi¯úwiK we‡Øl fy‡j åvZ…‡Z¡i evua‡b evuav c‡o| wZwb
ej‡jb, Avjvni evYxi g‡a¨ w`‡qB †Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Q Bmjvg ag© cÖPvwiZ nq| Avgvi Dc‡`k
cvj‡bi A_©B Avjvni Av‡`k cvjb Kiv|
G w`‡K nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) hLb g°vq i‡q‡Qb, gw`bvevmxiv ZLb Zvi wei‡n KvZi| wKQzw`b g°v evm
Kievi ci wZwb gw`bvq G‡jb| GB mgq wgg‡ii GK my›`ix Kb¨v †gwi‡K weevn K‡ib| GB
gw`bv bM‡i †gwi GK cyÎ mš—v‡bi Rb¥ w`‡jb| Zvui bvg ivLv n‡jv Beªvwng, gvÎ †`o
eQi eq‡m gviv coi| cy‡Îi GB g„Zz¨‡Z wkïi g‡Zv Kvbœvq †f‡½ co‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)| cqM¤^i n‡qI Zvui ü`q wQj Ki“Yvq c~Y©|
µgkB nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi L¨vwZ, mybvg mgMÖ Avie `ywbqvi `~iZg cÖv‡š— Qwo‡q cowQj|
mK‡jB Zv‡K cqM¤^i wn‡m‡e gvb¨ Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡iwQj| wewfbœ A‡ji gvbyl †¯^”Qvq
Zvui ag©gZ MÖnY Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij|
GQvov wewfbœ
m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvby‡liv Zvui Kv‡Q G‡m ag© Dc‡`k ïbZ|
GZ gvby‡li m‡½
mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨ wZwb †Kv‡bv cÖvmv` ev AUªvwjKv †e‡Q wb‡jb bv| mgMÖ Avei `ywbqvi
AwacwZ wZwb| Zvui ivR`ievi nj gw`bvi gmwR‡`i mb¥y‡Li wekvj cÖvš—i| GLv‡b e‡mB
wZwb Zvui mg¯— Av‡`k Dc‡`k w`‡Zb| gvby‡l mv‡_ mv¶vr Ki‡Zb|
‡h a‡g©i gvbylB
†nvK bv †Kb, †h GKevi nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi mv‡_ mv¶vr KiZ, †mB nhiZ gyn¤§`
(mvt)-Gi gayi Avš—wiK e¨env‡i gy» n‡q †hZ| Zvui ag©Dc‡`k ï‡b Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖwZ
AvK…ó n‡q coZ| Ggwbfv‡eB Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖPvi cÖmvi evo‡Z _v‡K|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) ej‡jb, Zvui ag© ïaygvÎ GKwU gvbe‡Mvwôi Rb¨ bq, ag© c„w_exi mKj gvby‡li
Kj¨v‡bi Rb¨| Zv‡`i g½‡ji Rb¨, Zv‡`i AvwZ¥K DbœwZi Rb¨|
GZw`b GKvB
Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖPvi KiwQ‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)& wKš‘ µgkB DcjwÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡jb,
`~i `~iv‡š— ag©cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ Zvui wkl¨‡`i cvVv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)
Zvui wkl¨‡`i ga¨ †_‡K hv‡K Dchy³ g‡b Ki‡jb,wZwb Zv‡`i ej‡jb, †Zvgv‡`i
AvPvi-AvPiY †hb KL‡bvB Bmjvg we‡ivax bv nq|‡Zvgiv A‡b¨i m¤ú‡`i cÖwZ †jvf cÖKvk
K‡iv bv| `xb-`wi`ª gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevm‡e| Avjvni wb‡`©wkZ c_B n‡e †Zvgv‡`i Rxe‡bi
GKgvÎ c_| Bûw` Avi wLªóvb‡`i AvPvi AvPiY m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Zv‡`i †cÖwiZ cyi“l‡`i
we‡ivax| Giv †jvfx, A‡b¨i abm¤ú` jyU K‡i, wg_¨vB G‡`i Rxe‡bi Avkªq|
GZw`b nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Bûw` I wLªóvb‡`i we‡ivwaZv K‡ibwb|
Zv‡`i mv‡_
mym¤úK© eRvq †i‡L Pj‡Zb| GBevi Zv‡`i mv‡_ mKj m¤úK© †Q` K‡i we‡ivwaZvq bvg‡jb|
wZwb wewfbœ wLªóvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZv, ivRv‡`i Av‡`k w`‡jb Bmjvg ag©MÖnb Ki‡Z| hviv
†mB ag©MÖnY Ki‡e bv Zv‡`i ew›` K‡i K`i ivR¨ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡e|
wLª÷vb
m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZviv G‡K G‡K mK‡jB Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Kij| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) mKj‡K
Zvui ¯úm© Kiv GK Kjwm cvwb w`‡q ej‡jb, †Zvgiv GZw`b †h wMR©vq cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z, †mB
mg¯— wMR©v †f‡½ †d‡j †mLv‡b Kjwmi cweÎ cvwb Qwo‡q †`‡e| Zvici †mB ïb¨¯’v‡b M‡o
Zzj‡e gmwR`|
Zviv hLb Zvui
Dc‡`k gZ cÖv_©bv Kij, wZwb ej‡jb, mrfv‡e †Kviv‡bi wb‡`©k g‡Zv Rxeb PP©v Ki‡e|
¯¿x‡`i m‡½ mym¤úK© eRvq ivL‡e| Avjvni B”Qv‡Z GB m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| hviv GB cweÎ
m¤cK© wQbœ Ki‡e Zv‡`i cÖKvk¨ ivRc‡_ `vuo Kwi‡q cv_i Qzu‡o nZ¨v Kiv n‡e|
weevwnZ bvix‡`i
mš^‡× ej‡jb, †Zvgiv ¯^vgx‡`i cÖwZ wek¦vm _vK‡e, †Zvgv‡`i ïwPZv i¶v Ki‡e| hviv
e¨wfPv‡i wjß n‡e, ¯^vgxiv Zv‡`i K‡Vvifv‡e †eÎvNvZ Ki‡e| mKj‡K Zv‡`i µxZ`vm‡`i
cÖwZ f`ª e¨envi Kievi wb‡`©k w`‡jb| wb‡R‡`i Abœ-e¯¿ mgvb fv‡e fvM K‡i †b‡e| mr
c‡_ k„•Ljve×fv‡e RxebPP©v Ki‡e| mK‡jB nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Gi Dc‡`kevYx ï‡b †h
hvi M„‡n wd‡i †hZ| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Dcjwä Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb, Avjvn Zvu‡K †h
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Bmjvg ag©| GKB HK¨m~‡Î Ave× n‡q‡Q we¯—…Z AÂj| ZvuiB g‡bvbxZ e¨w³iv
†mB mg¯— AÂj kvmb Ki‡Q| GBevi Zvu‡K wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e Ki“Yvgq Avjvni Kv‡Q|GB
`ywbqvq Zvui w`b †kl n‡q G‡m‡Q| GKw`b nVvr Amy¯’ n‡q co‡jb nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)|
cÖej R¡‡i mg¯— w`b cÖvq A‡PZb n‡q iB‡jb| ciw`b †fvi‡ejvq R¡i Kgj| wKš‘ †ejv
evo‡ZB R¡i evo‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij|
A‡b‡K ejj,
kqZvb Bûw`‡Zi Rv`yg‡š¿i cÖfv‡e nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o‡Qb| wKš‘nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) †m K_v wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ eû eQ‡ii cwikªg, gvbwmK wPš—v,
D‡ØMB wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb|
Gi Av‡MI wZwb
`y-GKevi Amy¯’ n‡q c‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨K eviB Aí K‡qKw`‡b my¯’¨ n‡q D‡Vb| wKš‘
GBevi eyS‡Z cviwQ‡jb Avi wZwb my¯’¨ n‡eb bv|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi Amy¯’Zvi Lei †c‡q `‡j `‡j gvbyl Zvu‡K `k©b Kievi Rb¨ Avm‡Z _v‡K| nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi PvPv G‡m ej‡jb, gmwR‡`i mvg‡b GKUv DPzu †ew` K‡i w`w”Q|
†mLv‡b wM‡q Zzwg em, Zvn‡jB mK‡j †Zvgvi `k©b cv‡e, ‡ZvgviI †Kv‡bv Kó n‡e bv|
wKš‘ nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) KvKvi cÖ¯—v‡e m¤§Z n‡jb bv| wZwb ej‡jb, Avwg Avgvi f³‡`i KvQ
†_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z cvwi bv| Avwg g„Zz¨i c~e© gyûZ© ch©š— Zv‡`i g‡a¨B evuP‡Z PvB|
¸i“Zi Amy¯’Zvi g‡a¨&I wZwb mKj‡K Kv‡Q †W‡K ag© Dc‡`k w`‡Z jvM‡jb|
Avjvn GK Ges
me©kw³gvb|
‡Zvgiv Zvui
Kv‡Q ¶gv cÖv_©bv K‡iv
Z‡eB †Zvgiv
Zvui Kv‡Q Ki“bv cv‡e|
µgkB Amy¯’Zv
†e‡o PjwQj| GKw`b Mfxi iv‡Z R¡‡ii Zvobvq Zvui Nyg AvmwQj bv| wZwb Zvui wek¦¯—
f„Z¨‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Amy¯’ †`‡nB M„‡ni A`~‡i GK KeiLvq †M‡jb| mg¯— g„Z gvbyl‡`i Rb¨
cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| †hb Avjvn Zv‡`i mKj Aciva gvR©bv K‡ib|
cÖv_©bvi ci
wb‡Ri M„‡n wd‡i G‡jb| `yw`b ci R¡‡ii Zvobvi mv‡_ ïi“ n‡jv cÖej hš¿Yv| nhiZ
‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Gi GB Kó †`‡L Zvui ¯¿xiv Kvu`‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)
ej‡jb, †Zvgiv Ggb K‡i †Ku‡`v bv| hviv bvw¯—K, hv‡`i Avjvq wek¦vm †bB, ïaygvÎ
ZvivB Ggb K‡i Kvu‡`| AvjvnB hš¿Yv w`‡q gvby‡li mKj cvc `yi K‡ib|
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt)-Gi wkl¨‡`i B”Qv wQj Zvui Qwe gmwR‡`i g‡a¨ †i‡L †`‡e| wKš‘nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§`
(mvt) ej‡jb Avjvn Qvov Avi †KD †Zvgv‡`i DcvmK n‡e bv| Avgvi mgvwa‡¶Î †hb KL‡bv
†Zvgv‡`i DcvmbvMvi bv nq| GQvovI wZwb wkl¨‡`i Av‡iv wKQz Dc‡`k w`‡jb|
mK‡jB eyS‡Z
cviwQj Zv‡`i cqM¤^‡ii w`b †kl n‡q G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ Kv‡K wZwb Zvui DËivwaKvix wbe©vPb
Ki‡eb, Zvui AveZ©gv‡b †K n‡e GB mgMÖ Avie `ywbqvi ag©¸i“, GB wb‡q mK‡ji g‡a¨
mskq †`Lv w`j| GKw`b nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) wb‡RB Zvui wcÖq eÜz Avey eKi‡K bvgvR cwiPvjbvi fvi
w`‡jb|
bvgvR ïi“ n‡ZB
nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) Zvui GK f„‡Z¨i mvnv‡h¨ AwZ K‡ó cÖv_©bv mfvq G‡m `uvov‡jb|
mg‡eZ gvbyl‡K †`‡L Avb‡›` Zvui gb-cÖvY e‡i DVj| eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Zvui wPš—v Kg© mdj
n‡q‡Q| Avjvni bvg AvR N‡i N‡i cÖPvwiZ| bZRvby n‡q cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb, †n Avjvn ,
Zzwg †h Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡j Avwg Zv mva¨gZ cvjb K‡iwQ|
wb‡Ri M„‡n wd‡i
G‡m kh¨v wb‡jb| µgkB Zvui †`n Aek n‡q AvmwQj| Zvui PZz©w`‡K mK‡jB wegl©
†kvKvKzj| nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt) †klev‡ii gZ AvKv‡ki w`‡K PvB‡jb| Zvici AùzU ¯^‡i
ej‡jb, †n Avjvn, Zzwg Avgv‡K gvR©bv Ki| †e‡n‡¯— †hb †Zvgvi Aš—nxb mvnPh© cvB|
ZviciB wb_i n‡q coj nhiZ ‡gvnv¤§` (mvt)-Gi bk¦i †`n|
†mw`bwU wQj 8B Ryb, Aviwe gv‡mi 12 iweDj AvDqvj ZvwiL|
2
nhiZ Cmv(Avt)
[Hazrat Yasha(A.)]
AvbygvwbK wLªó c~e© 6-30
evqZzj
gy°v`v‡mi Qv‡Qivnv bvgK GKwU kn‡ii AwaevwmYx wewe gwiqg| wZwb wcZv-gvZvi
g‡bvevmbv c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ evBZzj gyKvÏv‡mi †L`g‡Z wbhy³ wQ‡jb| wZwb evj¨ n‡ZB
AwZkq mykxjv Ges ag©vbyivMx wQ‡jb
Zvui wcZvi bvg wQj
Bgivb Ges bex RvKvwiq (Avt)-Gi kvwjKv wewe nvbœv wQ‡jb Zvi Rbbx| GK`v wewe
gwiqg cÖv_©bv KiwQ‡jb, Ggb mgq †d‡ikZv wReªvBj (Avt) AeZxY© n‡jb| wZwb
ej‡jb,†Zvgvi cÖwZ Qvjvg, Zzwg Avjvni AbyMÖn cÖvßv| Avjvn †Zvgvi mv‡_ i‡q‡Qb|
wewe gwiqg G
AcÖZ¨vwkZ m‡š^vab fxZPwKZv n‡jb| fve‡Z jvM‡jb-‡K Avm‡jv, wK‡mi Qvjvg| nhiZ
wReªvBj (Avt) ej‡jb- Avwg Avjvni †d‡ikZv wReªvBj| Zzwg fxZ n‡qv bv; Zzwg cweÎ
mš—vb jvf Ki‡e, G mymsev` w`‡Z AvMgb K‡iwQ|
evwjKv fxZ n‡jb
Ges ej‡jb-‡m †Kgb K‡i m¤¢e? Avwg †h Kzgvix| Avwg ¯^vgxi m½ jvf Kwi bvB| †d‡ikZv
ej‡jb,ÔÔ Avjvni B”Qvq Zv n‡e| Zvui wbKU Bnv KwVb KvR bq|ÕÕ GB e‡j †d‡ikZv
Aš—wn©Z n‡jb| Qqgvm c~‡e© nhiZ RvKvwiqv (Avt)-Gi ¯¿x Mf©eZx© n‡q‡Qb-GLb Kzgvix
gwiqg Avjvni Kz`i‡Z Mf©eZx n‡jb|
wewe gwiqg hw`I
Avjni Kz`i‡Z mš—vb m¤¢ev n‡jb, wKš‘ †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv Zv †g‡b wb‡e †Kb? Kzgvix
bvixi Gfv‡e Mf©eZx nIqvi d‡j mevB Zv‡K evBZzj gyKvÏvm n‡Z †ei K‡i w`j-Ggb wK
Zv‡K ¯^-MÖvgI †Q‡o †h‡Z nj| m½x mnvqnxb Ae¯’vq Mf©eZx gwiqg GKwU wbR©b cÖvš—‡i
mš—vb cÖme Ki‡jb|
wec`vcbœ gwiqg
†Kv‡bv Avkªq Lyu‡R bv †c‡q GKwU kn‡ii ØvicÖv‡š— GKwU †LRyi Mv‡Qi wb‡P Avkªq
wb‡jb| nvq! whwb c„w_exi gnv mb¥vwbZ bex, wZwb †mB bMY¨ ¯’v‡b fywgó n‡jb| †h
gnvbexi agv©bymvixMY AvR c„w_exgq we¯—…Z, kw³ Ges m¤§v‡b hviv c„w_ex‡Z †kªô
¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i i‡q‡Qb; Zv‡`i bex f~wgó n‡jb GKwU Av¯—ve‡ji Ae¨envh© AvwObvq|
`wi`ªZg wcZv-gvZvi mš—vbI G mgq GKwU kh¨vjvf K‡i _v‡K, GKUz kvwš—i DcKiY cvq,
wKš‘ gwiq‡gi mš—vb †kvqvBevi Rb¨ Av¯—ve‡ji NiUzKz Qvov Avi wKQzB iBj bv|
AvUw`b eq‡m
mš—v‡i Z¡K †Q`bv Kiv nj| Zvui bvgKiY nj Cmv| Bb gwmn bv‡g wek¦Ry‡o cÖwm×
n‡q‡Qb|
nhiZ g~mv (Avt)
Gi kixhZ Abymv‡i ev`kvn wKsev cqMv¤^i Zvui c‡` envj nevi Abyóv‡b, ˆZj †jcb Kivi
wbqg wQj| GQvov ZvIivZ wKZv‡e nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-Gi kixq‡Zi weavb wQj|
gwiqg-m~Px-mœvZv
nIqvi ci mš—vb mv‡_ wb‡q evqZzj gyKvÏv‡m †M‡jb Ges †mLv‡b wM‡q cvwLi gvbZ cvjb
Ki‡jb|
G mgq GK`j
AwMœc~RK nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-‡K Lyu‡R wdiwQj| Zviv †R¨vwZlx wQj| b¶Î †`‡L Zviv nhiZ
Cmv (Avt)-Gi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q GUv Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQj| wni“Bm ev`kvn Zv ï‡b fq †c‡jb Ges †mB
AbymÜvbKvix `‡ii wbK‡U †Mvc‡b ej‡jb †h, Zviv †hb †mB evj‡Ki mÜvb K‡i †ei K‡i|
AwMœc~RKMY LyuR‡Z LyuR‡Z wewe gwiq‡gi wbKU †cŠ‡Q †mB ¶z`ª wkï‡K †mR`v Kij Ges
†mLv‡b gvbœZ BZ¨vw` m¤úbœ Kij| iv‡Z Zviv ¯^‡cœ ‡`wLj, Zv‡`i‡K wni“B‡mi wbKU
wd‡i †h‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv wni“Bm Zvi Rxe‡bi kµ| gwiqg Gi“c ¯^cœ †`L‡jb ‡h,
mgªvU G mš—v‡bi kµ, †m G‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z Pvq| †m †hb wkï‡K wb‡q wgk‡i P‡j hvq|
†R¨vwZlxMY mgªv‡Ui wbKU Avi wd‡i †Mj bv| G‡Z ev`kvn& fqvbK µ× nj| †m ûKzg
Kij †h, evqZzjvni Ges Gi Av‡k cv‡ki mKj ew¯—i mš—vbw`M‡K †hb nZ¨v K‡i †djv nq|
BwZc~‡e© gwiqg
Zvui mš—vb wb‡q wgk‡i iIqvbv w`‡q‡Qb| wni“Bm hZw`b RxweZ wQj, ZZw`b mš—vb wb‡q
wZwb wgk‡iB †_‡K †M‡jb|
wni“B‡mi g„Zz¨i
msev` ïbvi ci wZwb wbR †`k bv‡Qivq P‡j Avm‡jb|
mš—vb w`b w`b
eo n‡Z jvMj| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Cmvi gv‡S cÖKi Ávb Ges Zx¶è †gavkw³ dzwU‡q
DVj| Avjvni we‡kl AbyMÖn †h Zvui Dci i‡q‡Q, w`b evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv cÖKvk †c‡Z
Avi¤¢ Kij| Cmvi gvZv Cmv mn cÖwZ eQi C‡`i Drm‡e Bi“mv‡j‡g †hvM`vb Ki‡Zb| Cmvi
12eQi eq‡m Bi“mv‡j‡g eo eo Ávbx Ges cwÛZe‡M©i mv‡_ ag© wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| Zvui
evKcUzZv Ges ZË¡Mvb ï‡b cwÛZMY AevK n‡q †h‡Zb| µgvš^‡q nhiZ Cmv Ava¨vwZ¥K Áv‡b
c~Y©Zv jvf Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| wÎk eQi eq‡m wZwb Avjvni wbKU n‡Z Anx jvf K‡ib Ges
bexi“‡c ag©cÖPvi ïi“ Ki‡jb|
nhiZ BqvnBqv
wewe gwiq‡gi LvjZ fvB n‡Zb| wZwb Bqvi`b b`xi Zx‡i †jvKw`M‡K a‡g©vc‡`k `vb Ki‡Zb|
nhiZ Ckv (Avt) †mLv‡bB wM‡q IqvR Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| -Anx Avmvi ïi“i ci n‡Z BwÄj
wKZve AeZxY© n‡Z jvMj beyq‡Zi cÖgvY ¯^i“c wZwb eû A‡jŠwKK NUbv cÖKvk Ki‡Z
jvM‡jb| gvwU Øviv cvwL ˆZwi Kiv, A܇K `„wó `vb, †evev‡K evKkw³ `vb, Kzô‡ivMx‡K Av‡ivM¨
`vb, cvwbi Dci nvUv BZ¨vw` wQj †gv‡RRv|
Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³i
e‡j, eû †ivMx Av‡ivM¨ jvf K‡i, eû †jvK ag©Ávb jvf K‡i| me©cÖ_‡g hviv nhiZ Cmv
(Avt)-Gi Dci Cgvb G‡bwQ‡jb, m‡½ †_‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡`i‡K nvIqvix ejv nZ|
Zvuiv me©`v nhiZ Cmv (Avt) hLb bex nb, †mKv‡j Bû`x ag©¸i“MY AwZkq wkw_j n‡q
c‡owQ‡jb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kej a‡g©i evwn¨K AveiY evwK wQj| nhiZ Cmv (Avt) Gi †Nvi
we‡ivax wQ‡jb| wZwb Zvui IqvR e³…Zvq Bû`x ag©¸i“ M‡Yi K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb|
G‡Z †mB mKj ewneiY wewkó Bû`x ag©cÖPviKMY BhiZ Cmv (Avt) Gi †Nvi kµ‡Z cwiYZ
nb|| wKš‘ nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-Gi evYx wQj Avjvni evYx| Bnv GgbB ü`qMÖvnx nZ †h, †h
ïbZ Zvi ü`qB G‡Z AvK…ó nZ| we‡ØlcivqY Bû`x cy‡ivwnZMY †Kv‡bv K_vqB nhiZ Cmv
(Avt)-‡K ai‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Zviv nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-‡K bvbv ARynv‡Z †`vlx mve¨¯— Kivi
†Póvq wjß n‡jb|
nhiZ Cmv (Avt)
Zvi e³…Zvi AwaKvsk mgq Avmgvbx ev`kv‡in K_v D‡jL Ki‡Zb| G‡Z kµM‡Yi GKwU my‡hvM
Ry‡U †Mj| Zviv Avmgvbx ev`kvnxi e¨vL¨v GKUz Nywi‡q wdwi‡q nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-Gi
cÖwZ ivR‡`ªvnxi Awf‡hvM m„wó Kij| †Mvcbfv‡e Zv‡K a‡i †`qvi †Póv Ki‡Z jvMj| A`„‡ói
Ggwb cwinvm, †h nvIqvix `j nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-Gi m½x Ges wek¦¯— eÜzi“‡c weivR
Ki‡Zb, ZvivB GLb ¸ßPi n‡jb| †mB nv&IqvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ GKR‡bi bvg wQj Bqvû`|
kµM‡Yi wbKU n‡Z wZb UvKvi Nyl MÖnY K‡i BhiZ Bmv (Avt) -‡K i“gxq ˆmb¨M‡Yi nv‡Zi
awi‡q w`j|
nvIqvix‡`i g‡a¨
wcZi wQj GKRb Nwbô Ges cÖavb m½x, ivR‡`ªv‡ni Aciva n‡Z evuPvi Rb¨ wZwbI mgªv‡Ui
`iev‡i wbR cwiPq †Mvcb Ges nhiZ Cmv (Avt) mv‡_ †Kvb m¤úK© †bB e‡j cÖKvk Ki‡jb|
nhiZ Cmv
(Avt)a„Z n‡jb Ges ivRwePv‡i wZwb g„Zz¨`Û jvf Ki‡jb| †m mg‡qi g„Zz¨`‡Û GLbKvi
g‡Zv Mjvq dvuwm †`qvi e¨e¯’v wQj bv| Qjx‡ei mvnv‡h¨ ZLb g„Zz¨`Û †`q nZ| Qjx‡ei
AvK…wZ nj GB-GKwU j¤^v Kv‡Vi Dci As‡k Avi GKKvwb KvV AvovAvwofv‡e Ry‡o †`qv nZ|
G‡Z Acivax‡K Ggwbfv‡e Szwj‡q †`q nZ †h, Acivaxi c„ô‡`k Kvô؇qi mshyw³ ¯’‡ji Ici
iw¶Z nZ| AvovAvwo fv‡e Aew¯’Z Kv‡Vi Dfq w`‡K `yB nvZ we¯—vwiZ K‡i w`‡q G‡Z
†c‡iK †g‡i †`qv nZ| †Kn nvUz‡ZI †c‡iK dzwo‡q KvV-msjMœ K‡i †`q nZ| GB Ae¯’vq
Szjš— †_‡K ¶zav-Z„òv I hš¿Yvq QUdU K‡i g‡i †hZ|
nhiZ Cmv
(Avt)-‡K Qjx‡e we× K‡iv ivLv nj| ciw`b Bû`xM‡Yi Drm‡ei w`‡b †Kvb Acivaxi Qjx‡e
Szjš— _vKv Zv‡`i ag©g‡Z weavb wQj bv| nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-‡K `ycy‡ii w`‡K µz‡k we×
Kiv n‡qwQj| cv‡q KvUv weÜ Kiv n‡qwQj bv| Zey&I wZwb †mB hvZbvB gylwo‡q
co‡jb Ges †PZbv nviv‡jb; wZwb kix‡ii w`K w`‡qI K…kKvq wQ‡jb| C‡`i w`‡bi Kvi‡Y
hLb mÜvi w`‡K Zv‡K µzk n‡Z Lmvb nj, ZLb Zv‡K g„Z e‡jB aviYv Kiv nj| Zv‡K
†Mvi¯’v‡b cvwV‡q †`qv nj Ges `vdb Kiv nj| GK mü`q e¨w³ Zv‡K Kei n‡Z DwV‡q
Avb‡jb| c‡i wZwb †PZbv jvf Ki‡jb| AZtci wZwb wbi“‡Ïk nb| wZwb †Kv_vq Kxfv‡e
AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib Gi mwVK ZË¡ Rvbv hvq bvB|
‡KviAvb kix‡id
Zvui m¤ú©‡K ewY©Z i‡q‡Q †h, Zvu‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq bvB, wZwb µz‡k cÖvY `vb K‡ib
bvB& eis g„Zy¨i gZB aviYv Kiv n‡qwQj| c‡i Avjvn Zv‡K c„w_ex n‡Z Zz‡j
wb‡jb| Gi 500 kZ eQi c‡i nhiZ †gvnv¤§` †gv¯—dv (mvt) GB msev` w`‡q‡Qb|
3
AvjevU©
AvBbóvBb
[Albert Einstein]
1879-1955
Rvg©vwbi GKwU
†QvU kni Dj‡g GK m¤£vš— Bû`x cwiev‡i AvBbôvB‡bi Rb¥ 1879 mv‡ji 14B gvP©| wcZv
wQ‡jb BwÄwbqvi| wZwb cÖvqB †Q‡j‡K bvbv †Ljbv G‡b w`‡Zb| wkï AvBbóvB‡bi wewPÎ
Pwi·K †mB w`b Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|
¯‹z‡ji wk¶‡`i
Kv‡Q †_‡K gv‡R gv‡SB Awf‡hvM AvmZ covïbvq wcwQ‡q cov †Q‡j, Ag‡bv‡hvMx Avbgbv|
K¬v‡mi †KD Zvui mw½ wQj bv| mK‡ji †k‡l
†cQ‡bi †e‡Â wM‡q em‡Zb| ïay Zvui GKgvÎ m½x Zvui gv|
Zuvi Kv‡Q
`ywbqvi †kªô wkíx‡`i bvbvb myi †kv‡bb| Avi †envjvq †mB myi Zz‡jb| wb‡Ri KviLvbv
wb‡qB e¨¯— _vK‡Zb wZwb| Avb‡›`B KvUwQj Zvui Rxeb| †mB Avb‡›` fiv w`b¸‡jvi gv‡S
nVvr Kv‡jv †gN Nwb‡q Gj| wb‡Ri †mB ˆkk‡eB AvBbóvBb cÖ_g Abyfe Ki‡jb Rxe‡bi wZ³
¯^v`| Zvuiv wQ‡jb Bû`x| wKš‘ ¯‹z‡j K¨v_wjK a‡g©i wbqgKvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z nZ| ¯‹z‡ji
mg¯— cwi‡ekUvB we¯^v` n‡q hvq Zvui Kv‡Q| m½x †bB, eÜz †bB|
g‡bi wbtm½Zv
fyj‡Z Avkªq wb‡jb eB-Gi g‡a¨, `k©‡bi eB Zvu‡K me‡P‡q †ewk gy» KiZ| c‡b‡iv eQ‡ii
g‡a¨ wZwb Kv›U, w¯ú‡bvRv, BDwK¬W, wbDU‡bi iPbv c‡o †kl K‡i †dj‡jb| Aemi mg‡q
†envjvq myi Zzj‡Zb| GUvB wQj Zvui m½x eÜz Zvui RMr| GB mgq evevi e¨emv‡q g›`v
†`Lv w`j| wZwb w¯’i Ki‡jb wgDwbL †Q‡o wgjv‡b P‡j hv‡eb, Zv‡Z hw` fv‡M¨i cwieZ©b
nq| mK‡j wgDwbL Z¨vM Kij, ïay †mLv‡b GKv i‡q †M‡jb AvBbóvBbB| myBRvij¨v‡Ûi GKwU
cwj‡UKwbK ¯‹z‡j fwZ© n‡jb| cÖ_gevi wZwb cix¶vq DËxY© n‡Z cvi‡jb bv| wØZxqevi
†Póvq cix¶v cvk Ki‡jb| evwoi Avw_©K Ae¯’v µgkB Lvivc n‡q Avm‡Q| AvBbóvBb Abyfe
Ki‡jb msmv‡ii `vq-`vwqZ¡ Zvu‡K MÖnY Ki‡ZB n‡e| wk¶KZvi e„wË MÖnY Kievi Rb¨ wZwb
c`v_©we`¨v I MwYZ wb‡q covkybv Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| RywiL wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mœvZK n‡q
wk¶KZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯‹z‡j `iLv¯— Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| A‡b‡KB †P‡qB †hvM¨Zv †ewk wQj
wKš‘ †Kv_vI PvKwi †c‡jb bv| KviY Zvui Aciva wZwb Bû`x|
wbi“cvq
AvBbóvBb LiP Pvjvevi cÖ‡qvR‡b evwo evwo wM‡q QvÎ cov‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| GB mgq
AvBbóvBb Zvui ¯‹z‡ji mncvwVbx wg‡jfv gv‡iK‡K we‡q Ki‡jb| ZLb Zvui eqm gvÎ 22|
wg‡jfv ïaygvÎ AvBbóvB‡bi ¯¿x wQ‡jb bv, cÖK…Z A‡_©B Zvui Rxebm½x wQ‡jb|
AvBbóvBb eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb wk¶KZvi KvR cvIqv Zvui c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| GKwU Awd‡m K¬v‡K©i PvKwi wb‡jb|
Kv‡Ri duv‡K dvu‡K wb‡Ri LvZvi cvZvq mgvavb Ki‡Zb A‡¼i RwUjZË¡| ¯^cœ †`L‡Zb
cÖK…wZi `y‡f©`¨ inm¨ †f` Kievi| Zvui GB †Mvcb mvabvi K_v ïaygvÎ wg‡jfv‡K e‡jwQ‡jb,
ÔAvwg GB wek¦cÖK…wZi ¯’vb I mgq wb‡q M‡elYv KiwQ|
AvBbóvB‡bi GB
M‡elbvq wQj bv †Kvb j¨ve‡iUwi, wQj bv †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ| Zvui GKgvÎ Aej¤^b wQj
LvZv-Kjg Avi Zvui AmvaviY wPš—v kw³| Ae‡k‡l †kl nj Zvui M‡elYv| ZLb Zvi eqm gvÎ
26| GKw`b wÎk cvZvi GKwU cÖeÜ wb‡q nvwRi n‡jb evwj©‡bi weL¨vZ ˆeÁvwbK cwÎKv ÔAnnalen der PhysikÕ Gi Awd‡m| GB
cwÎKvq 1901 †_‡K 1904 ch©š— AvBbóvBb cvuPwU iPbv cÖKvk Ki‡jb| GB me iPbvq
cÖPwjZ welq‡K bZzbfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z AvBbóvB‡bi bvg weÁvbxgn‡j Qwo‡q
coj| wKš‘ Avw_©K mgm¨vi †Kvb myivnv nj bv| wbZvš— eva¨ n‡q evwo‡Z QvÎ covevi
KvR wb‡jb|
GKw`‡K Awd‡mi
KvR, wg‡jfvi †mœnfiv fvjevmv, Ab¨w`‡K ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv| Ae‡k‡l 1905 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ
nq Zvui weL¨vZ Av‡cw¶Zvi ZË¡; weÁv‡bi RM‡Z GK bZzb w`Mš— D™¢vwmZ Kij| GB
Av‡cw¶KZv ej‡Z eySvq †Kv‡bv e¯‘i m‡½ Ab¨ e¯‘yi Zzjbv| AvBbóvBb ej‡jb, Avgiv hLb
†Kvb mgq ev ¯’vb cwigvc Kwi ZLb Avgv‡`i Zv Ab¨ wKQzi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwb
ej‡jb, Av‡jvK, wek¦RMr Kvj Ges gvÎv Av‡cw¶K|
Avgv‡`i gnvwe‡k¦
GKwUgvÎ MwZ Av‡Q hv Av‡cw¶K bq,GKwU MwZ Av‡Q hv me©gq GK, Aci‡Kvb wKQzi Dci wbf©i
K‡i bv, Ab¨ †Kvb MwZi m‡½I Gi Zzjbv nq bv| GB MwZ n‡”Q Av‡jv‡Ki MwZ| GB MwZ
KLbB cwieZ©b nq bv|
GB mgq RywL
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡jv AvBbóvBb‡K Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`evi Rb¨| 1907
mv‡j wZwb RywiL wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mvaviY Aa¨vcK wnmv‡e wbhy³ n‡jb| GiB mv‡T †c‡U›U
Awd‡mi PvKwiI Ki‡jb|
weÁvb RM‡Z
µgkBAvBbóvB‡bi bvg Qwo‡q cowQj| weÁvbx †Kjwf‡bi Rb¥evwl©Kx Dcj‡¶ †R‡bfv
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AvBbóvBb‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nj| GLv‡b Zvu‡K Abvivwi W±‡iU Dcvwa
†`&Iqv nj| Gici Zvui WvK Gj Rvgv©wbi mjmevM© Kbdv‡iÝ †_‡K| GLv‡b RMrweL¨vZ
AMÖMwZi cieZx© ch©v‡q co‡jb AvBbóvBb| wZwb ej‡bj, ZvwË¡K c`v_©we`¨vi AMÖMwZi
cieZx© ch©v‡q Avgiv Ggb †Kv‡bv GK ZË¡ cve hv Av‡jvi KYvZË¡ Ges Zi½ ZË¡‡K mg‡qi
eva‡b evua‡Z cvi‡e|
AvBbóvB‡bi GB
Dw³i Rev‡e weÁvbx cv¼ ej‡jb, AvBbóvBb hv wPš—v K‡i‡Qb †mB ch©v‡q wPš—v Kievi
mgq GLbI Av‡mwb| Gi Dˇi AvBbóvBb Zvui we‡kl Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡i E=mc
DrcwËwU Av‡jvPbv
K‡i †evSv‡jb, wZwb hv cÖvgY Ki‡Z PvB‡Qb Zv KZLvwb mZ¨|
1808 mv‡j RywiL
wek¦we`¨vj‡q bZzb ZvwË¡K c`v_©we`ªvi c` m„wó Kiv nj| ivR‰bwZK gn‡ji Pv‡c GB c‡`
g‡bvbxZ Kiv nj AvBbóvB‡bi mncvVx †d«WwiK GWjvi‡K| ‡d«WwiL bZzb c‡` †hvM w`‡qB
Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb, Zvu‡K AvBbóvB‡bi †P‡q †hvM¨ e¨vw³ Avi †KD †bB| Zvi Zzjbvq Avgvi
Ávb †bnvZB bMY¨|
wek¦we`¨vjq
KZ…©c¶&I Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡jb †d«Wwi‡Li K_vi ¸i“Z¡| Ae‡k‡l 1909 mv‡j
AvBbóvBb‡K bZzb c‡` wb‡qvM Kiv nj| Ae‡k‡l AvBbóvBb Zvi †c‡U›U Awd‡mi PvKwi‡Z
B¯—dv w`‡q cy‡ivcywi wk¶KZvi †ckv MÖnY Ki‡jb| Rywi‡L G‡m evmv fvov Ki‡jb|
AvBbóvBb Avi
†Kivwb bb, cÖ‡dmvi| wKš‘ gvB‡b Av‡M †c‡Zb 4500 d«v¼, GL‡bv ZvB| Z‡e †jKPvi wd
eve` mvgvb¨ wKQz ‡ewk|
wek¦we`¨vj‡q
Aa¨vcbvi my‡hv‡M eû gvby‡li mv‡_, ¸Yx weÁvbx‡`i mv‡_ cwiPq nq| Ggb mgq WvK Gj
Rvg©vwbi cÖvM †_‡K| Rvgv©b wek¦we`¨vj‡q c`v_©we`¨vi Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Zv‡K wb‡qvMcÎ
†`&Iqv nj| gvB‡b Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK ‡ewk| ZvQvov cÖv‡M M‡elYvi R‡b¨ cv‡eb
wekvj jvB‡eªix| 1911 mv‡j mcwiev‡i cÖv‡M G‡jb AvBbóvBb| K‡qK gvm Av‡M Zuvi
wØZxq cy‡Îi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q|
Ae‡k‡l `xN©
AvKvw•¶Z Rywi‡Li wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K WvK Gj AvBbóvB‡bi| 1912 mv‡j cÖvM Z¨vM Z‡i
G‡jb Rywi‡L| GLv‡b ZLb QzwU KvUv‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb gv`vg Kzwi, m‡½ `yB Kb¨v| weÁvbxi
g‡a¨ M‡o DVj gayi eÜzZ¡| cvnvwo c_ a‡i †h‡Z †h‡Z gv`vg Kzwo e¨vL¨v K‡ib
†ZRw¯ŒqZv Avi AvBbóvBb e‡jb Zvui Av‡cw¶KZvi ZË¡| GKw`b wb‡Ri Z‡Ë¡i K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z
GZ Zb¥q n‡q c‡owQ‡jb, c‡_i av‡i M‡Z©i g‡a¨ Mwo‡q co‡jb AvBbóvBb| ZvB †`‡L †gwi
Kzwii `yB †g‡q nvwm‡Z †d‡U coj| MZ© †_‡K D‡V Zv‡`i m‡½ AvBbóvBbI nvwm‡Z †hvM
w`‡jb|
‡mB mgq
Rvgv©wbi KvBRv‡ii c„ô‡cvlKZvq evwj©b kn‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q KvBRv wfj‡njg BbwówUDU|
weÁv‡bi GZeo M‡elYvMvi c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †bB| GLv‡b †hvM w`‡q‡Qb cv¼, bvb©ó,
nv‡ii Av‡iv me weL¨vZ weÁvbxiv| wKš‘ AvBbóvBb bv _vK‡j †h Am¤ú~b© ‡_‡K hv‡e
mewKQz| Zvu‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nj|
evwj©‡b Gjb
AvBbóvBb| mewKQz †`‡L gy» n‡jb wZwb| ïay M‡elYvMvi bq, eû weÁvbx‡KI Kv‡Q cvIqv
hv‡e| GKmv‡_ KvR Kiv hv‡e| Zvu‡K gvB‡b †`Iqv nj eZ©gvb gvB‡bi wظY|
1914 mv‡j
evwj©‡Y G‡jb AvBbóvBb| hLb AvBbóvBb evwj©b †Q‡owQ‡jb ZLb wZwb c‡bi eQ‡ii
wK‡kvi`xN© Kzwo eQi ci wd‡i G‡jb wb‡Ri kn‡i| †Pbv-Rvbv cwiwPZ gvbyl‡`i mv‡_
†`Lv nj| me‡P‡q fvj jvMj `~i m¤ú©wKZ †evb Gjmvi mv‡_ †`Lv n‡q| weaev n‡q wb‡Ri
gyB †g‡q‡K wb‡q evevi Kv‡Q wd‡i G‡m‡Q| Gjmvi mvwbœa¨ eiveiB gy» KiZ AvBbóvBb‡K|
Aíw`‡bB A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ M‡o DVj|
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†Uwe‡ji Dci| †Uwej fwZ… n‡q †M‡j gvwU‡Z e‡m †Pqv‡ii Dc‡iB A¼ K‡l P‡j‡Qb|
AvBbóvBb M‡elYvq hZB g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb, msmv‡ii cÖwZ ZZB D`vmxb n‡q
c‡owQ‡jb| ¯¿x wg‡jvfvi mv‡_ m¤úK© fv‡jv hvw”Qj bv| µgkB m‡›`n evwZKMÖ¯— n‡q
c‡owQ‡jb wg‡jvfv| `yB †Q‡j‡K wb‡q myBRvij¨v‡Û P‡j †M‡jb| K‡qKgvm †K‡U †Mj Avi
wdi‡jb bv wg‡jvfv|
Gw`‡K cÖ_g
gnvhy× ïi“ nj| weÁvbx‡`i AwaKvskB Rwo‡q co‡jb hy‡×| AvBbóvBb GB hy‡×i wefrmZv
†`‡L e¨w_Z n‡jb| GiBmv‡_ msmv‡ii GKvwKZ¡| ¯¿x cy·K nvwi‡q gvbwmKfv‡e wech©¯—
n‡q co‡jb AvBbóvBb| GB mgq Amy¯’ AvBbóvB‡bi cv‡k `vuov‡jb Gjmv| Gjmvi AK¬vš—
‡mev-h‡Zœ µgkB my¯’ n‡q DV‡jb AvBbóvBb, Gjmv‡K we‡q Ki‡jb|
Gw`‡K hy× †kl
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ZË¡ ZL‡bv cÖgvwYZ nqwb| GwM‡q G‡jb Bs‡iR weÁvbxiv| m~h©MÖn‡Yi GKvwaK Qwe †Zvjv
n‡jv| †mB Qwe cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †Mj Av‡jv ev‡Ku| weÁvbxiv D‡ËRbvq †d‡U co‡jb|
gvbyl Zvi Áv‡bi mxgvbv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z P‡j‡Q| Ae‡k‡l 6 b‡f¤^i Bsj¨v‡Ûi iqvj
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cwinvmwcÖq
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wKš‘ hw` Avgvi ZË¡ wg_¨v nZ Zvn‡j divmxiv ejZ Avwg Rvgv©b Avi Rvgv©biv ejZ Avwg
Bû`x|
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hLb GKRb †jvK †Kvb my›`ixi m‡½ GK N›Uv Mí K‡i ZLb Zvi g‡b nq †m †hb GKwgwbU e‡m
Av‡Q| wKš‘ hLb Zv‡K †Kvb Mig Dbv‡bi av‡i GKwgwbU `vuo K‡i †`Iqv nq, Zvi g‡b nq
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ej‡jb, Zvi †Kvb im †eva †bB| Avwg Zv‡K AvBbóvB‡bi Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡i K_v wR‡Ám K‡iwQ Avi †m Avgv‡K †evSv‡Z
Avi¤¢ Kij| nvwm‡Z †d‡U coj †g‡qwU|
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wPš—v Ki‡jb, Avi fve‡j AevK n‡Z nq †mB wPš—vUzKz‡K cÖKvk Ki‡jb gvÎ wZb cvZvq|
eÜzwU Reve w`j, wbðqB Lye †QvU A¶‡i Qvcv n‡qwQj|
AvBbóvBb
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Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib? AvBbóvBb Reve w`‡jb, bv| AvRKvj †g‡qiv †Kb
Av‡cw¶K ZË¡ wb‡q GZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Q? AvBbóvBb nvm‡Z nvm‡Z ej‡jb, †g‡qiv me mg‡qB
bZzb wKQz cQ›` K‡i- GB eQ‡ii bZzb wRwbl nj Av‡cw¶K ZË¡|
Ae‡k‡l Gj mvaK
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cyi¯‹vi †`Iqvi K_v wPš—v KiwQ‡jv| wKš‘ mskq †`Lv †Mj ¯^qs †bv‡e‡ji †NvlYvi
g‡a¨| wZwb e‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb c`v_©we`¨vq †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cv‡eb Avwe¯‹viK Avi †mB
Avwe¯‹vi †hb gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y jv‡M| AvBbóvB‡bi †ejv weZK© †`Lv w`j Zvi Av‡cw¶K
ZË¡ hyMvš—Kvix n‡jI cÖZ¨¶fv‡e gvby‡li †Kvb Kv‡R jv‡M jvM‡e bv|
ZLb w¯’i nj
Zvui d‡Uv B‡jKwUªK G‡d± Avwe¯‹vi wnmv‡e cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Ges Gi cÖZ¨¶ e¨enviI
n‡”Q, ZvB †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv Service to the theory of Physics, especially ofr the Law of the Photo
Electric Effect.
AvBbóvBb Zvui
cÖ_gv ¯¿x wg‡jvfvi mv‡_ weevn we‡”Q‡`i kZ© Abymv‡i †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡ii cy‡iv UvKvB
Zvu‡K cvwV‡q †`b|
Av‡gwiKvi e³…Zv
†`evi Rb¨ evi evi WvK AvmwQj| Ae‡kl 1930 mv‡j wW‡m¤^i gv‡m wZwb hy³ivóª †M‡jb,
†mLv‡b Af~Zc~e© mb¥vb †c‡jb| ïay Av‡gwiKv bq, hLb †h †`‡kB hvb †mLv‡bB cvb
mb¥vb Avi fvjevmv| Gw`‡K ¯^‡`k Rvg©vbx µgB AvBbóvB‡bi Kv‡Q cievm n‡q DVwQj|
GKw`‡K Zvi mvdj¨ ¯^xK…wZ‡K †`k Ry‡o GK RvZxqZvev‡`i †bkvq gË n‡q I‡V GK`j
gvbyl| Bû`xiv µgkB N„wYZ wØZxq †kªYxi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z _v‡K| AvBbóvBb
eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Rvgv©bx‡Z _vKv Zvui c‡¶ †gv‡UI wbivc` bq| wKš‘ †Kv_vq hv‡eb?
Avnevb Av‡m bvbv †`k †_‡K| Ae‡k‡l w¯’i Ki‡jb Av‡gwiKvi wcÖÝU‡b hv‡eb|
R©vgvbx †_‡K
Bû`x weZvob ïi“ n‡q hvq| AvBbóvBb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Gevi Zvui&I hvevi cvjv|
cÖ_‡g †M‡jb Bsj¨v‡Û| †mLvb †_‡K 1934 mv‡ji 7B RyjvB iIbv n‡jb Av‡gwiKv| ZLb Zvi
eqm cÂvbœ|
wcÖÝU‡bi KZ©„c¶
AvBbóvB‡bi wbivcËv wb‡q wPwš—Z n‡q co‡jb| ¸ßNvZ‡Ki `j †h mvMi cvwo w`‡q
Av‡gwiKvq Gm †cŠuQv‡e bv ZvB ev †K ej‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Zvu‡K †Mvcb RvqMvq ivLv n‡jv|
†mB evoxi wVKvbv KvD‡K Rvbv‡bv n‡jv bv| GBfv‡e _vK‡Z Zvui fvjjv‡M bv| gv‡S g‡a¨
j¨ve‡iUwi †_‡K G‡m Nyo‡Z †ewo‡q c‡ob| GKw`b mܨv †ejvq wcÖÝU‡bi wW‡iKU‡ii ‡_‡K
G‡m Nyo‡Z †ewo‡q c‡ob| evwo‡Z †dvb G‡jv, `qv K‡i hw` AvBbóvB‡bi evwoi b¤^iUv
Rvbvb| AvBbóvB‡bi evwoi b¤^i KvD‡K Rvbv‡bv nq bv e‡j †dvbUv bvwg‡q ivL‡jb
wW‡iKUi|
LvwbK c‡i Avevi
†dvb †e‡R DVj| Avwg AvBbóvBb ejwQ, ewoi b¤^i Avi iv¯—v `y‡UvB fy‡j wM‡qwQ| hw`
`qv K‡i e‡j †`b|
G GK wewPÎ NUbv
, †h gvbylwU wb‡Ri N‡ii wVKvbv g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡ib bv, wZwb wek¦-cÖK…wZi in‡m¨i
wVKvbv Lyu‡R evi K‡ib|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ Rxe‡bi
DËic‡e© G‡m AvBbóvBb n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb M„n mbœvmx| eo‡`i †P‡q wkïivB Zvi Kv‡Q wcÖq|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †M‡j me wKQz fy‡j hvb| wkï‡`i Kv‡Q Kíbvi Lªxógvm e‡ov| ci‡b †KvU
†bB, UvB †bB, R¨v‡KU †bB,| XjX‡j c¨v›U Avi Mjv-AvUv †mv‡qUvi , gv_vq eo eo Pzj,
gy‡L †LvuPv †LvuPv `vwo, S¨vUv †Mvdu| `vwo Kvgv‡Z A‡_©K w`b fy‡j hvb| hLb g‡b
c‡o Mv‡q gvLv mvevbUv w`‡q `vwo KvU| AvBbóvBb Reve w`‡Zb, `y iKg mvevb e¨envi
K‡i wK jvf|
ïay wbh©vwZZ
Bû`x‡`i mc‡¶ bq, wZwb µgkB AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q cowQ‡jb mgMÖ gvbeRvZxi fwel¨‡Zi K_v
†f‡e| hy‡×i wei“‡× hviv msMÖvg Ki‡Q `jgZ wbwe©‡k‡l wZwb Zv‡`i mg_©b Ki‡jb|wZwb
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb GKw`b gvbyl GB aŸs‡mi Db¥v`bv fy‡j GK n‡eB| Avi GKZ¡Zvi g‡a¨B
gvbyl Ly‡R cv‡e ag©‡K|
AvBbóvB‡bi Kv‡Q
GB agx©q †PZbv cÖPwjZ †Kvb mxgvi g‡a¨ Ave× wQj bv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb ag©
gvbeZviB GK g~Z© cÖwZcÖKvk| weÁvb Avi a‡g© †Kvb cÖ‡f` †bB| cÖ‡f` ïay `„wófw½‡Z|
weÁvb ïay ÔÔwKÕÕ Zvi DËi w`‡Z cv‡i ÔÔ‡KbÕÕ ev ÔÔwK nIqv DwPZÕÕ †m DËi †`evi
¶gZv †bB| Aci w`‡K ag© ïay gvby‡li KvS Avi wPš—vi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i gvÎ| †m nqZ
gvbe Rxe‡bi j¶¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †mB j‡¶¨ †cŠuQevi c_ e‡j †`q weÁvb| ZvB
ag© Qvov weÁvb c½y Avi weÁvb Qvov ag© AÜ|
gvbeZvev`x
AvBbóvBb GKw`‡K kvwš—i R‡b¨ msMÖvg KiwQ‡jb Ab¨w`‡K cÖK…wZi inm¨ D`NvU‡b G‡Ki ci
GK ZË¡ Avwe¯‹vi KiwQ‡jb| GB mgq wZwb cÖavbZ AwfKl© I we`y¨r †PŠ¤^K‡¶‡Îi wgjb
mva‡bi cÖ‡Póvq AwZevwnZ K‡ib| †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vi weKv‡ki c‡_ Zvui ¸i“Z¡cyY©
f~wgKv wQj, wKš‘ GB Z‡Ë¡i m¤¢¨ve¨wfwËK Pwi‡Î Zvi m¤ú~Y© Av¯’v wQj bv|
1936 mv‡j nVvr
¯¿x Gjmv Amy¯’ n‡q co‡jb| my`xN© 16 eQi a‡i Gjmv wQ‡jb AvBbóvB‡bi †hvM¨
mnawg©bx, Zvui myL-`yt‡Li m½x|
AvBbóvBb me
eyS‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ Amnv‡qi gZ wZwb ïay †P‡q _v‡Kb| Ae‡k‡l 1636 mv‡j wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv
wcÖqZg AvBbóvBb‡K †Q‡o P‡j †M‡jb Gjmv| GB gvbwmK AvNv‡Z mvgwqK †f‡½ co‡jb
AvBbóvBb|
GB mgq
cvigvYweK kw³i m¤¢vebv D¾¡j n‡q D‡VwQj| GB kw³i fqvenZv mK‡jB Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cviwQ‡jb| cix¶vq Rvbv‡Mj cvigvYweK kw³ m„wói Rb¨ me‡P‡q myweavRbK avZz n‡jv
BD‡ivwbqvg| Avi BD‡ivwbqvg ZLb GKgvÎ cvIqv K‡½v DcZK¨vq| K½ †ejwRqv‡gi
AwaKvif~³| weÁvbx gnj AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q coj hw` Rvg©vb‡`i nv‡Z GB BD‡ivwbqvg c‡o
Zvn‡j Zviv cigvYy †evgv ˆZix‡Z gyûZ© wej¤^ Ki‡e bv| †Mvc‡b msev` cvIqv hvq
Rvgv©b weÁvbxiv bvwK †Rvi M‡elYv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|
AvBbóvBb Dcjwä
Ki‡jb mgxKiY cÖgvwYZ n‡Z Pj‡Q| mvgvb¨ f‡ii i“cvš—‡ii gva¨‡g cv&Iqv hv‡”Q
Acwi‡gq kw³| AvBbóvBb wjL‡Qb,ÔÔ Avgvi RxebKv‡j GB kw³ cvIqv hv‡e fve‡Z cvwiwb|
Gw`‡K Rvgv©b
evwnbx `ye©vi MwZ‡Z P‡j‡Q| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× wgÎc‡¶i weÁvbxiv Dcjwä Ki‡jb, hy× Rq
Ki‡Z †M‡j GUg †evgv ˆZix Kiv `iKvi Ges Zv Rvg©vbxi Av‡MB ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| mK‡j
mg‡eZfv‡e Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U i“R‡fë‡K Av‡e`b Rvbvj|
hw`I GB
Av‡e`bcÎ mB K‡iwQ‡jb AvBbóvBb, Av‡gwiKvq cigvby †evgv ˆZixi e¨vcv‡i cÖZ¨¶ ev
c‡iv¶ †Kvbfv‡eB wZwb RwoZ wQ‡jb bv|
‡kl w`‡K wZwb
†P‡qwQ‡jb GB M‡elYv eÜ †nvK| wZwb weÁvbx g¨vKª †evb©‡K e‡jb, cigvYy ˆZixi Rb¨
Av‡e`bc‡Î AvgvB mB KivUvB me‡P‡q eo fyj|
Rvcv‡b GUg
†evgv †djevi ci Zvi weaŸsmx i“c †`‡L wePwjZ n‡q AvBbóvBb wj‡L‡Qb,ÔÔ cvigvbweK
kw³ gvbe Rxe‡b Lye ZvovZvox Avkx©ev` n‡q †`Lv †`‡e- †m iKg g‡b nq bv| GB kw³
gvbeRvwZ Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK mb¥‡×i †¶‡Î mywbw`©ó wbqg k„•Ljv Pvjy Ki‡e| fq Qvov
gvbyl †eva nq KLbB kvwš—i c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
1950 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ nj Zvui bZzb ZË¡ (A generalised theory of Gravitation) gnvK‡l©i me©Rbxb ZË¡| GZ RwUj †mB
ZË¡, Lye Kg msL¨K gvby&lB Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡jb|
hLb weÁvbxiv
Zv‡K Zvui GB ZË¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ej‡jb, wZwb m‡KŠZz‡K ej‡jb, Kzwo eQi ci Gi
Av‡jvPbv Kiv hv‡e|
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i
ci M‡o D‡V‡Q bZzb Bû`x ivóª Bmiv‡qj| AvBbóvBb‡K Avgš¿b Rvbv‡bv n‡jv bZzb iv‡óªi
ivóªcwZ nevi Rb¨|
AvBbóvBb Rvbv‡jb,
cÖK…wZi ZË¡ wKQz eyS‡jI gvbyl ivRbxwZi wKQzB †ev‡Sb bv| ZvQvov ivóªcwZi c` ïaygvÎ
†kvfvea©‡bi Rb¨| †kvfv n‡jI Zvi we‡eK hv gvb‡Z cvi‡e bv Zv‡K wZwb KLbB mg_©b
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Rxeb †kl n‡q
AvmwQj, GB mg‡q Bs‡iR gbxlx evUªvW© iv‡m‡ji Aby‡iv‡a wek¦kvwš—i Rb¨ Lmov wjL‡Z
Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| wKš‘ ‡kl Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
1955 mv‡ji 18B
GwcÖj Zvui Rxeb †kl nj| Zvui B‡”Q Abymv‡i g„Z‡`nwU cywo‡q QvB K‡i †`&Iqv
n‡jv| †kvbv hvq cix¶vi Rb¨ Zvui †eªb ‡Kvb GK M‡elYvMv‡i wb‡q hvIqv n‡qwQj| †m
mb¥‡× †KDB Avi †Kvb K_v cÖKvk K‡ibwb|
4
wµ‡óvdvi Kj¤^vm
[Christopher Columbus]
1451-1506
BZvwji †R‡bvqv
kn‡i Kj¤^v‡mi Rb¥| mwVK w`bwU Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e Abygvb 1451 mv‡ji AvMó †_‡K
A‡±vei, Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb †Kvb w`‡b Rb¥ n‡qwQ‡jv Kj¤^v‡mi| evev wQ‡jb Zš‘yevq|
Kvc‡oi e¨vemv wQj Zvi|
‡mB m~‡ÎB
Kj¤^vm Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb cÖvP¨ †`‡ki DrK…ó †cvkvK, bvbvb gkjv, Adzivš— abm¤ú‡`i
K_v|
‡mB †Q‡j‡ejv
†_‡KB g‡b g‡b ¯^cœ †`L‡Zb eo n‡q RvnvR wb‡q cvwo †`‡eb fviZe‡l©| RvnvR †evSvB
K‡i wb‡q Avm‡eb nx‡i gwY gy³v gvwYK¨| Kj¤^vm wQ‡jb K‡Vvi cwikªgx, Aa¨emvqx|
wKš‘ A_© DcvR©‡bi †¶‡Î fvM¨ wQj wbZvš—B cÖwZKzj| ZvB AwZK‡ó Rxeb aviY Ki‡Zb
Kj¤^vm| Kj¤^v‡mi fvB ZLb wjmeb kn‡i evm Ki‡Zb| fvB -Gi KvQ †_‡K WvK ‡c‡q Kj¤^vm
wjmeb kn‡i wM‡q evmv eva‡jb| Kj¤^v‡mi eqm ZLb AvUvk eQi|
Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨
†QvULvU GKUv KvRI Ry‡U †Mj| Kv‡Ri Aem‡i gv‡S g‡a¨ MxR©vq †h‡Zb| GKw`b †mLv‡b
cwiPq nj ‡dwjcv †gvwÂm `¨ †c‡i‡¯¿‡jv bv‡g GK Zi“bxi Zvi mv‡_ evev wQ‡jb
†bŠevwnbxi D”Pc`¯’ Awdmvi|
Kj¤^v‡mi Rxe‡b
GB cwiPq GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv| cwiPq ce© Aíw`‡bB Abyiv‡M cwiwYZ n‡jv| Zvici weevn|
weev‡ni ci Kj¤^vm k¦ï‡ii M„‡nB _vK‡Zb| k¦ï‡ii Kv‡Q ïb‡Zb Zvi cÖ_g †hŠe‡bi mgy`ª
Awfhv‡bi me †ivgvÂKi Kvwnbx| Ab¨ mg‡q GKw`b Zvi nv‡Z Gj gv‡K©v †cv‡jvi Pxb
åg‡Yi BwZe„Ë| co‡Z co‡Z g‡bi g‡a¨ cÖvP¨ †`‡k hvevi ¯^cœ bZzb K‡i †R‡M DVj|
Gi †cQ‡b KvR
KiwQj `ywU kw³| †ivgvÂKi Awfhv‡bi `yi¯— AvKv•Lv wØZxqZ ¯^Y©Z…òv| ZLb gvby‡li
aviYv wQj cÖvP¨ †`‡ki c‡_ Nv‡U Qwo‡q Av‡Q †mvbv-i“cv| †m †`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi
†Kvb g~j¨B †bB| B”Qv Ki‡jB RvnvR †evSvB K‡i Avbv hvq|
Kj¤^vm wPwV
wjL‡jb †m hy‡Mi weL¨vZ f~‡Mvjwe` Pagolo Toscanelli †K Pagolo Kj¤^v‡mi wPwVi Rev‡e wjL‡jb-ÔÔ†Zvgvi g‡bi B”Qvi K_v †R‡b
Avbw›`Z njvg| Avgvi ˆZix mgy`ª c‡_i GKUv bKmv cvVvjvg| hw`I GB bKkv wbf~©j bq,
Zey&I Zzwg GB bKkvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖv‡P¨i c‡_ ‡cŠuQv‡Z cvi‡e| †hLv‡b Av‡Q Adziš—
nx‡i Rnir, †mvbv-i“cv, gwY-gy³v-gvwYK¨|
GB wPwV †c‡q
Kj¤^v‡mi gb †_‡K me mskq m‡›`n `yi n‡q †M‡j ïi“ n‡q †Mj Zvi hvÎvi cÖ¯‘ywZ|
Kj¤^v‡mi B”Qvi
K_v ï‡b mK‡j Aev¯—e e‡j Dwo‡q w`j| A‡b‡K Zv‡K Dcnvm Ki‡jv| †KD †KD Zv‡K e¨½-we`ª“c
Ki‡ZI Qvoj bv| GKwU gvbylI GwM‡q G‡jv bv Zvi mg_©‡b ev mvnv‡h¨|
Kj¤^v‡mi
Aby‡iv‡a †¯ú‡bi ivYx Bmv‡ejv mü`q we‡ePbvi Avk¦vm w`‡jI mgªvU dvw`©bv›` mivmwi
cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡jb| BwZg‡a¨ Kj¤^v‡mi ¯¿x †dwjcv Amy¯’¨ n‡q co‡jb| mg¯— wPwKrmv
m‡Ë¡&I AmyL µgkB ¸i“Zi n‡q DVj| `~i cÖvP¨ Awfhv‡bi cwiKíbv ¯’wMZ ivL‡Z nj|
wKQzw`b ci gviv †M‡jb †dwjcv|
Kj¤^v‡mi Rxe‡bi
mg¯— eÜb wQbœ n‡q †Mj| Gevi bZzb D‡`¨‡g Svuwc‡q co‡jb Zvi Awfhv‡b| †`‡ki cÖvq
cÖwZwU m¤£vš— gvby‡li `iRvq `iRvq Ny‡i †eovb| RvnvR PvB, bvweK PvB, A_© PvB|
Kj¤^v‡mi `vwe
wQj †h †`k Avwe¯‹vi n‡e, Zv‡K †mB †`‡ki fvBmiq Ki‡Z n‡e Avi ivR‡¯^i GKUv Ask
w`‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgKfv‡e `y-GKRb m¤§wZ w`‡jI Kj¤^v‡mi K_v mevB cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡jb|
Kj¤^v‡mi mv‡_
GB mgq GKw`b cwiPq nj dv`vi wc‡iR Gi| dv`vi wc‡iR wQ‡jb ivR cwiev‡ii Aš—i½ eÜz
Ges ivYx Bmv‡ejv Zv‡K AZ¨š— mb¥vb Ki‡Zb|
Kj¤^v‡mi B”Qvi
K_v dv`vi wb‡RB ivYx Bmv‡ejv‡K ej‡jb| Aby‡iva Ki‡jb hw` Zv‡K †Kvbfv‡e mvnvh¨
Kiv hvq| dv`v‡ii Aby‡iva cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv ivYx| bZzb †`k Avwe¯‹v‡ii
mv‡_ mv‡_ eû gvbyl †K wLªóvb a‡g© `xw¶Z Kivi cyY¨ AR©b Kiv hv‡e| dv`vi wc‡iR
Qvov&I Av‡iv K‡qKRb mü`q e¨w³ Kj¤^v‡mi mg_©‡b GwM‡q G‡jb|
Kj¤^v‡mi me
Aby‡iva ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡jb mgªvU | 17B GwcÖj, 1492 mv‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Pzw³ n‡jv|
Kj¤^vm‡K bZzb †`‡ki kvmbfvi †`Iqv n‡e Avi AwR©Z m¤ú‡`i GK `kgvsk A_© †`&Iqv
n‡e|
mgªv‡Ui KvQ
†_‡K A_© †c‡q wZbLvbv RvnvR wbg©vY Ki‡jb Kj¤^vm| me‡P‡q eo 100 U‡bi
mvš—vgvwiqv, wcëv 50 Ub, wbbv 40 Ub| RvnvR ˆZixi mgq †Kvb weNœ †`Lv w`j bv|
mgm¨v m„wó n‡jv bvweK msMÖ‡ni mgq| Kj¤^v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Gj wcbRb fvB‡qiv| Zv‡`i
mv‡_ Av‡i wKQz wewkó †jv‡Ki †Póvq me©‡gvU 87 Rb bvweK cvIqv †Mj|
Ae‡k‡l 3
AvMó,1492 mv‡j Kj¤^vm Zvi wZbwU RvnvR wb‡q cvwo w`‡jb ARvbv mgy‡`ª| †mw`b e›`‡i
hviv Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Zv‡`i AwaKvskB †f‡ewQ‡jb †KDB Avi †mB ARvbv †`k †_‡K wd‡i
Avm‡e bv|
‡f‡m Pj‡jb
Kj¤^vm| Pvw`‡K ïay cvwb Avi cvwb| w`‡bi ci w`b AwZµvš— nq| †Kv_v&I ¯’‡ji
†`Lv †bB, A‰ah© n‡q I‡V bvweKiv| mKj‡K mvš—bv †`b, Drmvn †`b Kj¤^vm wKš‘ †kl
ch©š— Avi ˆah© ivL‡Z cvi‡jb bv bvwe‡Kiv| mK‡j GKmv‡_ we‡`ªvn K‡i RvnvR wdwi‡q
wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e|
Kj¤^v‡mi †Pv‡L
c‡o fv½v Mv‡Qi Wvj| meyR cvZv| Abygvb Ki‡Z Amyweav nq bv, Zviv ¯’‡ji KvQvKvwQ
G‡m †cŠ‡Q‡Qb| bvweK‡`i Kv‡Q ïay GKwU w`‡bi cÖv_©bv K‡ib| w`bwU wQj 12 A‡±vei|
GKRb bvweK, bvg †ivWvwi‡Mv cÖ_g †`L‡jb ¯’‡ji wPü| Avb‡›` Djv‡m †g‡Z DV‡jb
mK‡j|
ciw`b Kj¤^vm
bvg‡jb evnvgv Øxccy‡Äi GK ARvbv Øx‡c| cieZx©Kv‡j wZwb †mB Øx‡ci bvg ivL‡jb
mvjfv`i (eZ©gvb I‡qówjs AvBj¨vÛ)| GB w`bwU AvRI DËi I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq Kj¤^vm
w`em wn‡m‡e D`hvcb nq|
Kj¤^vm †f‡ewQ‡jb
mgy`ª c‡_ wZwb Gwkqvq G‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb|
†hLv‡b Adziš— †mvbv`vbv Qov‡bv Av‡Q| wKš‘ †Kv_vq Av‡Q †mB m¤ú`? w`‡bi ci w`b
Pviw`K Zbœ Zbœ K‡i Lyu‡R&I cv&Iqv †Mj bv abm¤ú‡`i †Kvb wPü| Kj¤^vm
†M‡jb wKDev Ges wn¤úvwbIqvjv‡Z mvgwqK Av¯—vbv M‡o Zzj‡jb| †mLv‡b 42Rb bvwe‡Ki
_vKvi e¨e¯’v K‡i iIbv n‡j ¯^‡`kf~wgi c‡_| bZzb Øx‡c †cŠuQevi cÖgvY¯^i“c wKQz
¯’vbxq Avw`evmx‡K m‡½ wb‡q †M‡jb|
k~b¨ nv‡Z wd‡i
G‡jI †`‡k Af~Z©c~e© mb¥vb †c‡jb Kj¤^vm| Zvui mb¥v‡b ivRv-ivbx weivU †fv‡Ri
Av‡qvRb Ki‡jb| ¯^qs †cvc Kj¤^vm‡K Avkxev©` Rvwb‡q †NvlYv Ki‡jb, bZzb Avwe¯‹…Z
mg¯— †`k †¯ú‡bi Aš—f~³ n‡e| mgªvU dv`©bv›` bZzb Awfhv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡jb| weivU †bŠeni,
AmsL¨ †jvKRb wb‡q 1493 mv‡ji 24 †m‡Þ¤^i Kj¤^vm AvUjvw›UK cvi nq wØZxq mgy`ª
Awfhv‡b hvÎv Ki‡jb|
`xN© mgy`ª
hvÎvi ci Kj¤^vm wM‡q †cŠQ‡jb wn¤úvwbIqvjv‡Z| †mLv‡b wM‡q †`L‡jb Zvi m½x-mv_x‡`i
GKRbI Avi RxweZ †bB| wKQz gvbyl A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ gviv †M‡Qb| Aewkó mK‡j
¯’vbxq Avw`evmx‡`i nv‡Z gviv c‡o‡Q|
GB wØZxq
Awfhv‡bi mgq Kj¤^vm Pviw`Ke¨vcK AbymÜvb K‡iI †Kvb abm¤ú‡`i mvgvb¨ gvÎ wPü Ly‡R
†c‡jb bv| ïay gvÎ bZzb wKQz Øxc Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡jb| †Kvb A_© m¤ú` bv †c‡q RvnvR
fwZ© K‡i ¯’vbxq Avw`evmx‡`i `vm wnmv‡e e›`x K‡i †¯ú‡b cvVv‡jb| ZL‡bv BD‡iv‡ci
ey‡K `vm e¨emv‡qi e¨vcK cÖPjb N‡Uwb| Kj¤^v‡mi GB KvR‡K A‡b‡K Avš—wiKfv‡e mg_©b
Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
GB msev`
Kj¤^v‡mi Kv‡Q †cŠQ‡Z wej¤^ nj bv| wZwb Avi gyûZ© gvÎ wej¤^ Ki‡jb bv| AvovB eQi ci 1496 mv‡ji
11Ryb wd‡i G‡jb †¯ú‡b| wKš‘ cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ Gev‡i †Kvb mg_©b †c‡jb bv| wKš‘ A‡RI
g‡bvej Kj¤^v‡mi | bZzb Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jb Kj¤^vm| cÖ_‡g wØavMÖ¯— _vK‡jI
†kl ch©š— m¤§wZ w`‡jb mgªvU|
1498, 30, †g
Z…Zxq ev‡iii Rb¨ Awfhb ïi“ Ki‡jb Kj¤^vm| Gevi Zvi m½x nj Zvi cyÎ Ges fvB|
Kj¤^v‡mi Rxe‡bi †mŠfv‡M¨i w`b µgkB A¯—wgZ n‡q G‡mwQj| wn¯úvwbIqvjvi ¯’vbxq
gvby‡liv BD‡ivcxq‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Kij| gvbwmK w`K †_‡K
wech©¯— Kj¤^vm AZ¨vPvixi kvm‡Ki gZ K‡Vvi nv‡Z we‡`ªvn `gb Ki‡jb| kZ kZ gvbyl‡K
wbôzifv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv|
Kj¤^v‡mi
mn‡hvMxivI Zvi Kv‡R ¶z× n‡q D‡VwQj| mgªv‡Ui Kv‡Q Zvi wei“‡× Awf‡hvM DVj, wZwb
¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o †Zvjvi †Póv Ki‡Qb| wZwb d«vwÝm‡K `¨ †evew`jv bv‡g GKRb
ivRKg©Pvix‡K ˆmb¨mvgš— w`‡q cvVv‡jb Kj¤^v‡mi wei“‡× Z`š— Kievi Rb¨| K‡qKw`b a‡i
AbymÜvb K‡i ivR¨ ¯’vc‡bi †Kvb Awf‡hvM bv †c‡jI Kj¤^v‡mi wei“‡× wbe©yw×Zvi
Awf‡hvM Avbv nj| KviY Kj¤^vm †Kvb m¤ú`kvjx †`k Avwe¯‹vi Kievi cwie‡Z© m¤ú`nxb
†`k Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| hvi R‡b¨ mgªv‡Ui weivU cwigvY A‡_©i AcPq N‡U‡Q|
GBAwf‡hv‡M
cÖ_‡g e›`x Kiv nj Kj¤^v‡mi fvB I cy·K| Zvici Kj¤^vm‡K| Kj¤^vm‡K k„•LwjZ K‡i
wb‡q Avmv nj †¯ú‡b| Zvu‡K ivLv nj wbR©b KvivMv‡i| †mLvb ‡_‡KBivYx Bmv‡ejv‡K
wPwV wjL‡jb Kj¤^vm| ivYx Bmv‡ejv wQ‡jb `qvjy cªK…wZi| ZvQvov Kj¤^v‡mi cÖwZ
eiveiB wQjZvi mnvbyfwZ‡eva| Zvi wPwV c‡o gvR©bvi Av‡`k w`‡jb| cÂvk eQ‡i cv
w`‡jb wZwb| kix‡i †Zgb †Rvi †bB wKš‘ g‡bi A`g¨ mvn‡m fi w`‡q PZz_© ev‡ii Rb¨
mgy`ª hvÎvi Av‡e`b Ki‡jb| mgªvU m¤§wZ w`‡jb, ïay wn¯cvwbIqvjv‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki wei“‡×
wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Ki‡jb|
1502 mv‡ji 19
†g Kj¤^vm ïi“ Ki‡jb Zvi PZz_© mgy`ª hvÎv | Zvi B‡”Q wQj Av‡iv cwð‡g hv‡eb| c‡_
Zzgyj So DVj| wbi“cvq Kj¤^vm Avkªq wb‡jb GK ARvbv Øx‡c| µgkB Zvi †`n †f‡O
c‡owQj| ARvbv †iv‡M A‡b‡KB gviv wM‡qwQj| `y eQi ci wbi“rmvwnZ g‡b †¯ú‡b wd‡i
G‡jb|
Gici Avi gvÎ `y
eQi †e‡P wQ‡jb| hw`I A_© wQj wKš‘ g‡bi kwš— wQj bv| ivR AbyMÖn †_‡K m¤ú~Y© ewÂZ
n‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi Avwe¯‹v‡ii ¸i“Z¡ Dcjwä Kievi ¶gZv †`kevmxi wQj bv|
1506 mv‡j
f¨vjv‡WvwjW kn‡i GK mvaviY KzwU‡i mK‡ji A‡MvP‡i †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM Ki‡jb Kj¤^vm|
†mLvb †_‡K Zvi g„Z‡`n wb‡q wM‡q †Wwg‡½v‡Z mgvwa †`Iqv nq|
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cÖvPxb fvi‡Z
eZ©gvb †bcv‡ji Aš—M©Z wngvj‡qi cv`‡`‡k wQj †Kvkj ivR¨| ivR¨ ivRavbx Kwcjve¯‘|
†Kvk‡ji AwacwZ wQ‡jb kvK¨es‡ki ivRv ï‡×vab| ï‡×va‡bi my‡Li msmv‡i GKwU gvÎ Afve
wQj| Zvi †Kvbv cyÎ mš—vb wQj bv|
weev‡ni `xN©w`b
ci Mf©eZx n‡jb †R¨ô¨v ivYx gvqv‡`ex | ‡m Kv‡ji cÖPwjZ ixwZ Abymv‡i mš—vb
Rb¥vevi mgq wcZvi N‡i hvÎv Ki‡jb gvqv‡`ex| c‡_ jywš^bx D`¨vb| †mLv‡b G‡m
†cŠQ‡ZB cÖme †e`bv DVj ivYxi| hvÎv ¯’wMZ †i‡L evMv‡bB Avkªq wb‡jb mK‡j| †mB
D`¨v‡bB Rb¥ nj ey‡×i | whwb mg¯— gvb‡ei Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb, wZwb
ivRvi cyÎ n‡qI †Kv‡bv ivRcÖvmv‡`i Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jb bv, gy³ cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ bxj
AvKv‡ki wb‡P Avwe©f~Z n‡jb|
cyÎ Rb¥vevi
K‡qKw`b c‡iB gviv †M‡jb gvqv‡`ex| wkïcy‡Îi me fvi wb‡Ri nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡jb
gnvcÖRvcwZ| wkïcy‡Zi bvg ivLv n‡jv wm×v_©| ivRv ï‡×vab †R¨vwZlx‡`i Av‡`k w`‡jb
wkïi fvM¨ MYbv Ki‡Z| Zvuiv wm×v‡_©i fvM¨ MYbv K‡i ej‡jb, GB wkï GKw`b c„w_exi
ivRv n‡eb| †h w`b RivRxY© e„× gvbyl , †ivMvMÖ¯— gvbyl, g„Z‡`n Ges mbœ¨vmxi `k©b
cv‡i †mB w`bB msmv‡ii mKj gvqv cwiZ¨vM K‡i M„nZ¨vM Ki‡e|
wPwš—Z n‡q
co‡jb ï‡×vab| gš¿xiv civgk© w`‡jb GB wkï‡K myL, ˆefe Avi wejvwmZvi †mªv‡Z
fvwm‡q w`b, Zvn‡j G Avi G †Kvbw`b M„nZ¨vMx mbœvmx n‡e bv| ¯^Zš¿ cÖvmv‡`B ¯’vb
nj ivRcyÎ wm×v‡_©i| †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Riv e¨vwa g„Zz¨i cÖ‡ekKievi AwaKvi †bB| ax‡i
ax‡i eo n‡q DV‡jb wm×v_©| †hŠe‡b cv w`‡ZB ivRv ï‡×vab Zvui weev‡ni Av‡qvRb
Ki‡jb| m¤£vš— eskxiv my›`ix wK‡kvix h‡kvaivi mv‡_ weevn nj wmÜv‡_©i|
weev‡ni ci wKQz
w`b Avb›` Drm‡e †g‡Z iB‡jb wm×v_©| h_vmg‡q GKwU cyÎ mš—v‡bi Rb¥ nj| Zvi bvg
ivLv nj ivûj|
mš—v‡bi R‡b¥i
ci †_‡KB cwieZ©b ïi“ nj wm×v‡_©i| GKw`b c‡_ †ei n‡q‡Qb Ggb mgq Zvui †Pv‡L coj
GK e„×| Aw¯’Pg©mvi, gv_vi me Pzj¸‡jv †c‡K mv`v n‡q †M‡Q| gy‡L GKwUI `vuZ †bB|
Mv‡qi Pvgov Sz‡j c‡o‡Q| jvwV‡q fi w`‡q ax‡i ax‡i nvuUwQj|
e„ׇK †`LvgvÎB
i_ _vgv‡jb wm×v_©| Zvui mg¯— gb wePwjZ n‡q coj, gvby‡li GwK fqsKi i“c? fvivµvš—
g‡b cÖvmv‡`i wd‡i †M‡jb wm×v_©| K‡qKw`b ci nVvr wm×v_©i †Pv‡L coj GKwU Mv‡Qi
Zjvq ï‡q Av‡Q GKRb gvbyl| Amy¯’ †ivMMÖ¯’, hš¿Yvq AvZ©bv` Ki‡Q| wegl© n‡q co‡jb
wm×v_© | Zvn‡j †Zv †hŠe‡bI myL †bB| †h †Kv‡bv gyû‡Z© e¨vwa G‡m me myL †K‡o
†b‡e|
wKQzw`b ci
wm×v‡_©i †Pv‡L coj ivRc_ w`‡q P‡j‡Q GK kehvÎv| Rxe‡b GB cÖ_g g„Z‡`n
†`L‡jb-wK‡mi GB Kvbœv? mvi_x Pbœ ejj, cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li Rxe‡bi cwiYwZ GB g„Z¨|
g„Zz¨B Rxe‡bi †kl ZvB wcÖqRb‡K wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ nivevi †e`bvq mK‡j Kvu`‡Q|
Avbgbv n‡q
†M‡jb wm×v_©| GK wRÁvmv †R‡M DVj Zvi g‡bi g‡a¨| g„Zz¨B hw` Rxe‡bi Awš—g cwibwZ
nq Z‡e GB Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv ‡Kv_vq? ivRcÖv`v‡`i myL Hk¦h© wejvm me Zz”Q n‡q †Mj
wm×v‡_©i Kv‡Q| cÖwZ gyû‡Z© g‡b nj GB Rive¨vwa g„Zz¨i nvZ †_‡K †K Zv‡K gyw³i
mÜvb †`‡e? AK¯§vr †`Lv nj GK mbœvmxi mv‡_| wm×v_© Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, K‡e Avcwb
GB mbœ¨vm MÖnY K‡i‡Qb?
mbœ¨vmx ej‡jb,
Avwg †R‡bwQ msmv‡ii mewKQz AwbZ¨| Riv, e¨vwa, g„Zz¨ †h †Kvb gyû‡Z© Rxeb‡K aŸsm
K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Avwg hv wKQz Awebk¦i wPiš—b ZviB mÜv‡b †ei n‡qwQ| Avgvi Kv‡Q
myL-`ytL Rxeb-g„Zz¨ me GK n‡q †M‡Q|
wm×v_© mK‡ji
KvQ †_‡K wb‡R‡K mwi‡q wb‡jb| w`evivÎ wPš—vi g‡a¨ nvwi‡q †M‡jb| mK‡ji A‡MvP‡i
Mfxi iv‡Z wb‡Ri K¶ Z¨vM K‡i †ewi‡q G‡jb wm×v_©| †cQ‡b c‡o iBj ¯¿x h‡kvaiv, cyÎ
ivûj, wcZv ï‡×vab, gnvcÖRvcwZ|
Ak¦kvjvq Nywg‡q
wQj mvi_x Pbœ| Zvu‡K †W‡K Zzj‡jb wm×v_©| wm×v_©‡K i‡_ wb‡q Pj‡jb Pbœ| bM‡ii
mxgvbv cvi n‡q, Rbc` MÖvg cvi n‡q, iv‡R¨i mxgvbvq G‡m `vov‡jb| Gevi mvi_x Pbœ‡K
we`vq w`‡Z n‡e| wb‡Ri mg¯— AjsKvi ivR‡ek Ly‡j Dcnvi w`‡jb Pbœ‡K| Zvici ej‡jb,
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bv|
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Pzwi Ki‡e bv|
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GB `kwU Dc‡`g
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ey‡×i GB Dc‡`k RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPvi Kievi Rb¨ Zvi lvU Rb wewkó wkl¨ Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q
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ey‡×i ü`q
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mijZv, wØZxqZ gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv ïay gvby‡li Rb¨ bq, mg¯— cÖvYxi Rb¨| wZwbB
cÖ_g mg¯— cï-cÖvYx-KxU-cZ½‡K Aewa Ki“Yv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Q|
GB `qv ¶gv
Ki“YvB ey‡×i †kªô `vb| wZwb Ck¦‡i wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| Zvui wk¶v wQj Ck¦i e‡j wKQz
†bB| Ck¦i mš^‡× †m hy‡M cÖPwjZ me aviYv‡KB wZwb A¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb| ey× GK RvqMvq
†ekx w`b _vK‡Zb bv| Ny‡i Ny‡i mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Zb, bxwZwk¶v
w`‡Zb|
Rxe‡bi w`b hZB
†kl n‡q AvmwQj ZZB gv‡S gv‡S Amy¯’ n‡q co‡Zb|
we‡klZ el©vi cÖ‡Kv‡cB †ekx Amy¯’ n‡q co‡Zb|
Rxe‡bi
Awš—gc‡e© (ey× ZLb Avwk eQ‡i cv w`‡q‡Qb) ey× Zvi K‡qKRb wkl¨ wb‡q G‡jb wniY¨eZx
b`xi Zx‡i KkxbM‡i| Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z G‡m `uvov‡jb GK kvje‡bi wb‡P| Avb›` Mv‡Qi wb‡P
weQvbv †c‡Z w`‡jb| mvgvb¨ K‡qKRb wkl¨ †mLv‡b `uvwo‡qwQj| Zviv mK‡jB Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cviwQ‡jb fMevb Z_vMZ GB evi Zvu‡`i Z¨vM K‡i hv‡eb|
Gevi Avb›`‡K
Kv‡Q WvK‡jb ey×| ej‡jb, Avwg hLb _vKe bv, Avgvi Dc‡`k g‡Zv Pj‡e-Avgvi Dc‡`kB
†Zvgv‡`i c_ wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
eyׇ`e Zvui
†Kv‡bv Dc‡`k wjwce× K‡i hvbwb| Zvui g„Zy¨i ci †eŠ× ¯’vwei kªgYiv wgwjZfv‡e Zvui
mg¯— Dc‡`k msKwjZ K‡ib| GB msKwjZ Dc‡`kB wÎwcUK bv‡g cwiwPZ| wÎwcUK †eŠ×‡`i
cÖavb ag©MÖš’|
ey× †klev‡ii
g‡Zv wkl¨‡`i Kv‡Q ‡W‡K Zvu‡`i Dc‡`k w`‡jb Zvici Mfxi a¨v‡b gMœ n‡jb| †m a¨vb
Avi fv½j bv|
‡eŠ×‡`i g‡Z ey×
†`nZ¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb wLªóc~e© 544 mv‡j| wKš‘ AvaywbK Kv‡ji HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡Z ey‡×i
gnvcÖqvY N‡UwQj wLªóc~e© 486 ev 483 mvj|
6
m¨vi AvBRvK wbDUb
[Sir
Isaac Newton]
wLªó c~e© 1642-1727
1642 mv‡ji
eow`b AvBRvK wbDUb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi R‡b¥i K‡qKgvm Av‡MB wcZvi g„Z¨ nq| R‡b¥i
mg‡q AvBRvK wQ‡jb `ye©j kxY©Kvq Avi ¶z`ª AvK…wZi, ZvB wcZvgvZv Zvui Rxe‡bi Avkv
Z¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb| nqZ we‡k¦i cÖ‡qvR‡bB wek¦weavZv Zvi cÖvY i¶v K‡iwQ‡jb|
weagv gv‡qi
mv‡_B wbDU‡bi Rxe‡bi cÖ_g wZb eQi †K‡U hvq| GB mgq Zvui gv eibvevm bv‡g GK
f`ª‡jv‡Ki †cÖ‡g c‡o Zv‡K weevn K‡ib| be weevwnZ `¤úwZi Rxe‡b wkï †bnvZB AevwÂZ
we‡ePbv K‡i gv wkï wbDUb‡K Zvi `vw`i Kv‡Q †i‡L †`b|
12eQi eq‡m wbDUb‡K
MÖv‡gi ¯‹z‡j fwZ© K‡i †`Iqv n‡jv| Rb¥ †_‡KB i“Mœ wQ‡jb wbDUb| Zey Zvi `yówg
wKQz Kg wQj bv| wKš‘ wk¶Kiv Zvui AmvaviY †gavi Rb¨ mK‡jB fvjevm‡Zb|
¯‹z‡ji Aa¨‡¶i
kvjv cÖvqB ¯‹z‡j †cŠuQv‡Z †`wi KiZ| GKw`b wbDUb ej‡jb, m¨vi Avwg Avcbvi Rb¨
GKUv Nwi ˆZwi K‡i w`w”Q, Zvn‡j Nwi †`‡L wVK mg‡qB ¯‹z‡j Avm‡Z cvi‡eb| wbDUb Nwo
ˆZix Ki‡jb| Nwoi Dc‡i _vKZ GKUv cvwbi cvÎ| cÖwZw`b wbw`©ó cwigvY cvwb †mB cv‡Î
†X‡j †`Iqv n‡Zv| Zvi †_‡K ‡duvUv †duvUv cvwb Nwoi KvUvi Dci coZ Ges Nwoi KvUv
Avcb MwZ‡ZB GwM‡q PjZ|
fv‡M¨i cwinv‡m
wbDU‡bi mr evev gviv †M‡jb| gvi GKvi c‡¶ †¶Z RwgRgv †`Lvïbv Kiv m¤¢e nj bv| ¯‹zj
Qvwo‡q †PŠÏ eQ‡ii wbDUb‡K MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z wb‡q G‡jb| PvPv †Kgweª‡Ri wUªwbU K‡j‡Ri
m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb| wZwb fvB‡cv‡K Avevi ¯‹z‡j fwZ© K‡i w`‡jb| GK eQi ci wbDUb
wUªwbwU K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡jb| ïi“ nj GK bZzb Rxeb|
QvÎ wnmv‡e
wbDUb wQ‡jb †hgb Aa¨emvqx I cwikªgx, †Zgwb AmvaviY †gavm¤úbœ| Zvui me‡P‡q †ewk
`Lj wQj A‡¼| †h †Kvb RwUj A‡¼i mgvavb mn‡RB K‡i †dj‡Zb| Zey&I A‡¼i cÖwZ Zvi
†Kvb AvKl©Y wQj bv| cÖK…wZi `y‡Á©q inm¨ me‡P‡q †ewk gy» KiZ Zvu‡K| wbDUb wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb, GKgvÎ weÁv‡bi gva¨‡gB cÖK…wZi GB †Mvcb inm¨‡K D`NvUb Kiv m¤¢e| Ae‡k‡l
1665 mv‡j mœvZK wWMÖx jvf Ki‡jb|
K‡j‡R QvÎ
_vKvKvjxb Ae¯’v‡ZB wZwb A¼kv‡¯¿i wKQz RwUj Z‡_¨i Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib-evBbwgqvj w_I‡ig
Binomial theorem, d¬vKªmb (Fluxious) hv eZ©gv‡b
Bw›UªMÖvj K¨vjKzjvm (Interegal
Calculus) bv‡g cwiwPZ; GQvov KwVb c`v‡_©i NbZ¡ (The method for Calculating the area of curves or the
volume of slids) 1966 mvj, GB mgq wbDUb GKwU wPwV‡Z wj‡L‡Qb Avwg Fluxions c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_B gva¨vKl©Y kw³i mš^‡× wPš—v-fvebv Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡iwQ| fve‡Z AevK jv‡M ZLb
wbDU‡bi eqm gvÎ PweŸk|
wbDUb Pvu` I
Ab¨ MÖn-b¶‡Îi MwZ wbb©q Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| wKš‘ Zvi D™¢vweZ Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ wKQz fyj-µwU
_vKv m‡Ë¡&I Zvui K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ wUªwbwU K‡jR Zv‡K †d‡jv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡jb|
GKRb 25 eQ‡ii Zi“‡Yi c‡¶ GK GK `yj©f mb¥vb|
Gevi wZwb
Av‡jvi cªK…wZ I Zvui MwZc_ wb‡q M‡elYvi KvR ïi“ Ki‡jb Ges GB Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bB
wZwb ˆZwi Ki‡jb cÖwZdjK †Uwj‡¯‹vc (Reflecting telescope)| cieZx©Kv‡j gnvKvk msµvš— M‡elYvi
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †h DbœZ ai‡bi †Uwj‡¯‹vc Avwe¯‹…Z nq, wZwbB Zvui AMÖMvgx cw_K|
wbDUb †KgweªR
wek¦we`¨vj‡q wUªwbwU K‡j‡Ri MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| †mB mv‡_ Av‡jvi
eY©”QUv wb‡q M‡elYvi KvR Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| Bsj¨v‡Ûi iqvj †mvmvBwUI wbDU‡bi ˆeÁvwbK
M‡elbvi KvR Avi¤¢ n‡j Zvu‡K †mvmvBwUi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ Ki‡jb| ZLb Zvui eqm gvÎ 29
eQi| Bsj¨v‡Ûi †kªô weÁvbx‡`i cv‡k Zvui ¯’vb n‡jv| †mvmvBwUi cÖ_g mfvq wZwb Zvui
Av‡jvKZË¡ wb‡q cÖeÜ cvV Ki‡jb| Zvui welqe¯‘i m‡½ GKgZ n‡Z bv cvi‡jI †mvmvBwUi
mg¯— weÁvbxB D”PK‡Ú Zvi ˆeÁvwbK cÖe‡Üi cÖksmv Ki‡jb|
wZwb †h AvZ¥gMœ
mvaK| wb‡Ri ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi n‡q Av‡Qb| wb‡Ri †ekevm mvR‡MvR †Kvb w`‡KB 哇¶c †bB|
cÖvqB †`Lv †hZ wZwb K‡j‡R Avm‡Qb, Zvui Rvgvi †evZvg †Lvjv, cv‡qi †gvRv ¸wU‡q
Av‡Q, G‡jv‡g‡jv Pzj| Zb¥q n‡q P‡j‡Qb †Kvb bZzb ‰eÁvwbK fvebvq we‡fvi| KíbvcÖvY
GB g‡bi Rb¨B ev¯—e RMr mb¥‡× Zvui aviYv wQj A¯úó| GKw`b GKRb †jvK Zvui evwo‡Z
G‡m GKUv wcÖRg ( wZb‡Kvbv KvuP) †`wL‡q wRÁvmv Kij Gi KZ `vg n‡Z cv‡i|
wcÖR‡gi ˆeÁvwbK
¸i“Z¡ we‡ePbv K‡i wbDUb ej‡jb, Gi g~j¨ wbY©q Kiv Avgvi mv‡a¨i evB‡i| †jvKwU wbDU‡bi
K_v ï‡b A¯^vfvweK †ewk `v‡g wcÖRgwU wewµ Ki‡Z PvBj| †Kvb `i`vg bv K‡iB †mB `v‡g
wcÖRgwU wK‡b wb‡jb wbDUb| wbDU‡bi evwo&Iqvjv me K_v ï‡b ej‡jb, Zzwg †bnvZB
†evKv| GUv mvaviY GKUv KvP, GB Kv‡Pi hv IRb n‡e †mB `v‡gB GUv †Kbv DwPZ wQj|
wbDUb †Kvb K_v bv e‡j ïay nvm‡jb| cieZx©Kv‡j GB wcÖRg †_‡KB D™¢veb K‡ib eY©ZË¡
(Theory of colour)
K‡jR QzwUi
AeKv‡k gv‡qi Kv‡Q wM‡q‡Qb wbDUb| w`‡bi †ewki fvM mgqB evMv‡bi g‡a¨ e‡m _v‡Kb|
cÖvY f‡i Dc‡fvM K‡ib cÖK…wZi i“c-im-MÜ| GKw`b nVvr mvg‡b L‡m coj GKUv Av‡cj| gyû‡Z© Zvi g‡bi
†Kv‡Y DuwK gv‡i GK wRÁvmv- †Kb Av‡cjwU AvKv‡k bv D‡V gvwU‡Z G‡m coj? GB wRÁvmvB
gvby‡li wPš—vi RM‡Z GK hyMvš—i wb‡q Gj| Rb¥ wbj gva¨vKl©Y Z‡Ë¡i| hw`I GB wPš—vi
m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj eû c~‡e©B| Zvi c~Y© cwiYwZ NUj 1687 mv‡j| wbDUb cÖKvk Ki‡jb Zvi
KvjRqx MÖš’ (Mathematical
Principles of Natural) gvbyl gva¨vKl©Y kw³ K_v mvgvb¨ wKQz Rvb‡jI GB
wek¦eªþvÛ Ry‡o i‡q‡Q †h Zvi Aw¯—Z¡ †m K_v †KD RbZ bv gva¨vKl©Y kw³i GB AvKl©Y
MÖn b¶Î c„w_ex‡K GKm~‡Î †eu‡a †i‡L‡Qb|
GKw`b iv‡Î GK
eÜzi evwo‡Z Zvui wbgš¿Y n‡q‡Q| KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z ivZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| nVvr Zvi g‡b g‡b
coj eÜzi evwo‡Z †h‡Z n‡e| ZvovZvwo Ni †_‡K †ei n‡jb wbDUb| hLb eÜzi evwo‡Z wM‡q
†cŠQ‡jb ZLb Mfxi ivZ| Pviw`‡K AÜKvi| wbDUb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb wbgš¿Y ce© Av‡MB †kl
n‡q wM‡q‡Q| evwo wd‡i G‡m Avevi Kv‡R em‡jb| iv‡Z LvIqvi K_v g‡bB n‡jv bv Zvi|
GB wbijm
M‡elYvi g‡a¨ w`‡qB wbDUb cÖgvY Ki‡jb, It the force varied as the inverse spuare, the orbit would be
an elipse with the ecentre of the force in one focus- GB Avwe¯‹v‡ii
gva¨‡g gva¨vKl©Y ZË¡ cÖwZôvi KvR mnRmva¨ nj| GZw`b gvby‡li Rvbv wQj bv
P›`ª-m~‡h©i mwVK AvqZb| wbDUb Zv wbY©q Ki‡jb|
cÖwZôv nj
gva¨Kl©Y ZË¡-GB Z‡Ë¡i hveZxq weeiY wZwb wjL‡jb Zvui wcÖwÝwcqv MÖš’wU‡Z (Principia Mathematical)| hLb GB eB
cÖKvwkZ n‡jv ZLb AwaKvsk gvby‡li Kv‡QB g‡b n‡jv GB eB †hgb RwUj †Zgbwb `y‡e©va¨|
wbDU‡bi GK `vk©wbK eÜz GKw`b wbDUb‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, wKfv‡e †Zvgvi †jLvi A_©
†evSv m¤¢e| wbDUb Zv‡K GKwU eB‡qi ZvwjKv w`‡q ej‡jb, Avcwb Av‡M GB eB¸‡jv co–b
Zvn‡j Avgvi ZË¡ †evSvi KvR mnR n‡e|
f`ª‡jvK
ZvwjKvwU †`‡L ej‡jb, wbDU‡bi ZË¡ †evSv Avgvi mv‡a¨i evB‡i| KviY cÖv_wgK ZvwjKvi
GB KwU eB cov †kl Ki‡ZB Avgvi A‡a©K Rxeb †K‡U hv‡e|
Philosophiae Naturalis Pricipia
Mathematica cÖKvwkZ nq 1647 mv‡j| j¨vwUb fvlvq †jLv GB eBwU wZbwU L‡Û wef³|
cÖ_g L‡Û wbDUb
MwZm~Î mb¥‡× Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZbwU MwZ m~Î nj, (i) e¯‘i cÖ‡Z¨KwU
e¯‘ wPiKvj mij †iLv Aej¤^b K‡i mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K| (ii) e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ ej e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii
mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †hw`‡K wµqv K‡i, fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©bI †mw`‡K N‡U| (iii) cÖ‡Z¨KwU wµqvi mgvb wecixZ
cÖwµqv Av‡Q|
wcÖwÝwcqv
MÖ‡š’i wØZxq L‡Û wZwb M¨vm I d¬zBW e¯‘i MwZi K_v Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| M¨vm‡K
KZK¸‡jv w¯’wZ¯’vcK AYyi mgw÷ a‡i wb‡q wZwb e‡q‡ji m~Î cÖgvY K‡ib| M¨v‡mi Dci
Pv‡ci cÖfve we‡klY Ki‡Z wM‡q c‡iv¶fv‡e kã Zi‡½i MwZ‡eMI wba©viY K‡ib| Zvui GB
Z‡Ë¡ wKQz f~j-µwU wQj| DËiKv‡j Ab¨ weÁvwbiv GB me f~j-µzwU ms‡kvab K‡ib|
Z…Zxq L‡Û
gva¨vKl©Y ZË¡ mb¥‡× LyuwUbvwU Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb gva¨vKl©Y kw³i
cÖfv‡eB m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i MÖn¸‡jv Nyi‡Q| †Zgwb c„w_ex‡K †K›`ª K‡i Pvu` Nyi‡Q|
`ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ gnvKlx©q ej Zv‡`i f‡ii mgvbycvwZK Ges `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨¯—vbycvwZK
| c„w_ex †_‡K Pvu‡`i `~iZ¡ c„w_exi e¨vmv‡a©i 60 ¸Y| GB `~iZ¡ †_‡K Pvu` c„w_ex‡K
cÖ`w¶Y Ki‡Q| wbDUb j¶¨ K‡iwQ‡jbm~h© I MÖn ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU MÖn I Zv‡`i
DcMÖn¸‡jvi g‡a¨ c„w_ex mgy`ª I Pvu` Ges m~‡h©i g‡a¨ GgbwK †Rvqvi-fvUv I
mvaviYfv‡e RM‡Zi †h †Kvb `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ GKB gnvKl© ZË¡ Kvh©Kix| GQvovI wZwb
Av‡iv GKwU mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb cÖgvY Ki‡jb GKwU mgi“c †MvjvKvi e¯‘i
†fZ‡ii cÖwZwU Kbv hw` evB‡ii GKwU KYv‡K gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji m~Î Abymv‡i AvKl©Y K‡i
Zvn‡j evB‡ii KYvwUi Dci †h ej KvR Ki‡e †mwU Ggb n‡e †hb ‡MvjvKvi e¯‘wUi mg¯— fi
Zvi †K›`ª¯’j Aew¯’Z| Zvui cÖwZ mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nj, wZwb Zvui Z‡Ë¡ wek¦cÖK…wZ‡K
†hfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb Zv †_‡K g‡b nq G mg¯—B †hb GK wek„•Lj g‡bi cªvYnxb m„w÷i
Kvwnbx|
wbDUb Zvui
Rev‡e ej‡jb, cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB wek¦cÖK…wZ Ggb myk„•Lj mymvgÄm¨fv‡e m„wó n‡q‡Q g‡b nq
Gi cðv‡Z †Kvb Hk¦wiK mªóv i‡q‡Qb| wbDU‡bi GB wewPÎ gvbwmKZvi Rb¨ †Kvb gvbylB
Zvu‡K mnRfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| nqZ wb‡RB wb‡Ri weivU ZË¡‡K mwVKfv‡e wPb‡Z
cv‡ibwb| AmvaviY Avwe¯‹v‡ii ciI wZwb wQ‡jb AmyLx gvbyl|
Principia cÖKv‡ki ci
wbDUb mwµqfv‡e ivRbxwZ‡Z bvg‡jb| hLb wØZxq †Rgb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯^vaxbZv †K‡o
wb‡Z PvB‡jb, wZwb Zvi mwµq we‡ivax n‡q DV‡jb| ivRcwiev‡ii DrLv‡Zi 1694 mv‡j
bZzb msweavb ˆZwii Rb¨ †h Kb‡fbkb M‡o DVj, wbDUb Zvi m`m¨ n‡jb|
iRbxwZwe`
wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb wbDUb| 1690 mv‡j Kb‡fbk‡bi cwimgvwß NUj,
mv‡_ mv‡_ wbDU‡bi ivR‰bZxK Rxe‡biI cwimgvwß N‡U| 1703 mv‡j wbDU‡bi Rxe‡b Gj GK
Af~Zc~e© mb¥vb| wZwb iqvj †mvmvBwUi mfvcwZ n‡jb| Avg„Zy¨ wZwb †mB c‡` AwawôZ
wQ‡jb|
1727 mvj, wbDUb
¸i“Zi Amy¯’ n‡q co‡jb| wPwKrmv‡Z †Kvb mydj cvIqv †Mj bv| Ae‡k‡l 20 gvP©
gnvweÁvbx wbDUb Zvi wcÖq Abš— wek¦cÖK…wZi ey‡K wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ nvwi‡q †M‡jb| mvZ
w`b ci Zv‡K I‡qó G¨vwe‡Z mgvwa¯’ Kiv nj|
mg¯— †`k AebZ
g¯—‡K kª×vÄwj Rvbvq me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªó GB ÁvbZvcm‡K| hw`I wb‡R‡K wZwb KL‡bv cwÛZ
ev Ávbx fv‡ebwb| g„Zz¨i Aí wKQzw`b Av‡M wZwb wj‡LwQ‡jb,ÔÔc„w_exi gvbyl Avgv‡K
wK fv‡e Rvwb bv, wKš‘ wb‡Ri mš^‡× Avwg g‡b Kwi Avwg GKUv †QvU †Q‡ji gZ mvM‡ii
Zx‡i †Ljv KiwQ Avi Ly‡uR wd‡iwQ mvavi‡Yi †P‡q mvgvb¨ Avjv`v cv_‡ii bywo ev
wSby‡Ki †Lvjv| mvg‡b Avgvi c‡o i‡q‡Q wekvj Áv‡bi mvMi|
7
DBwjqvg ‡kKmwcqvi
[Willam Shakexpeare]
AvbygvwbK wLªó c~e© 1564-1616
Bsj¨v‡Ûi
BqK©kvqv‡ii Aš—M©Z †fb b`xi Zx‡i óªvU‡fvW© kn‡i GK `wi`ª cwiev‡i †kKmcxqi
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ¯’vbxq Pv‡P©i Z_¨ †_IK hv Rvb hvq Zv‡Z Abygvb wZwb m¤¢eZ 1564
wLªóv‡ãi 23 GwcÖj Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi Rb †kKm&cxqi wQ‡jb AwZ `wi`ª|
wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi
mv‡_ Zvi †Kvb cwiPq wQj bv| DBwjqvg †kKm&cxq‡ii gv wQ‡jb Av‡W©b cwiev‡ii
mš—vb| †kKm&cxqi Zvui As you like it bvU‡K gv‡qi
bvg‡K Agi K‡i †‡i‡L‡Qb|| AvVvvi eQi eq‡m †kKm&cxqi weevn Ki‡jb Zvui †P‡q 8
eQ‡ii eoG¨vwb nvf‡q‡K|
we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m
DBwjqvg †kKm&cxqi GK we¯§q| me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô bvU¨Kvi hvi m„wó mš^‡× GZ †ekx
Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q, Zvui A‡a©KI Ab¨‡`i wb‡q n‡q‡Q wKbv m‡›`n| A_P Zvui RxebKvwnbx
mb¥‡× †Zgb wKQz Rvbv hvq bv ej‡jB P‡j|
weev‡ni K‡qK
gv‡mi g‡a¨ G¨vwb GK Kb¨v mš—v‡bi Rb¥ †`q| Zvi bvg ivLv nq mymvbv| Gi `y eQi ci
`ywU RgR mš—v‡bi Rb¥ nq| †Q‡j n¨vg‡jU gvÎ 11 eQi †eu‡P wQj| †kvbv hvq mvsmvi
wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Zvu‡K bvbv KvRKg© Ki‡Z n‡Zv| GKevi ¶zavi Rvjvq m¨vi Ugv‡mi GKwU
nwiY‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| †MÖdZvix c‡ivqvbv Gov‡Z wZwb cvwj‡q Av‡mb jÛ‡b| wKš‘ GB
Kvwnbx KZ`~i mZ¨ ‡m wel‡q m‡›`‡ni AeKvk i‡q hvq| Z‡e †m Kvi‡bB †nvK, wZwb
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‡kK&ªcxq‡ii
c~Y© cÖwZfvi weKvk N‡U‡Q Zvui n¨vg‡jU bvU‡K| GK Avðvh© PwiÎ GB n¨vg‡jU| †m
gvby‡li wPi in‡m¨i, KL‡bv Zvi Db¥v‡`i fve, KL‡bv Aš—Ø©›` hyM hyM a‡i cvVK‡K
weåvš— K‡i‡Zv‡j| ZvB‡evanq bvU¨Kvi evbv©W †KŠZzK K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb †Wbgv‡K©i IB cvMj †Q‡jUv wK K‡i Zvi †fvuZv
Z‡jvqvi w`‡q c„w_exUv‡K Rq K‡i †djj, fve‡Z fve‡Z Avgvi `vwo †c‡K †Mj| †Wbgv‡K©
heivR n¨vg‡jU| m‡egvÎ wcZvi g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q| gv ZviB KvKv‡K weevn K‡i‡Q| wcZvi
g„Zz¨‡Z †kvKvnZ n¨vg‡jU| GKw`b iv‡Z Zvi K‡qKRb AbyPi `yM©cÖKvi cvnviv w`‡Z w`‡Z
†`L‡Z cvq n¨vg‡j‡Ui wcZvi cÖwZg~wZ©| n¨vg‡jU wcZvi †mB †cÖgg~wZ© mv‡_ mv¶vr
Ki‡Z Av‡m| ‡mB †cÖZvg~wZ© Zv‡K e‡j Zvi evMv‡b Nygvevi mgq ZviB fvB (n¨vg‡j‡Ui
KvKv) Kv‡bi g‡a¨ wel †X‡j †`q Avi Zv‡ZB Zvi g„Zy¨ nq| n¨vg‡jU †hb GB g„Zz¨i
cÖwZ‡kva †bq| n¨vg‡jU eyS‡Z cv‡i Zvi wcZv‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m Db¥v‡`i g‡Zv n‡q
D‡V| Zvi wcÖqZgvi I‡dwjqvi mv‡_ Aewa Ggb AvPiY K‡i hv Zvi ¯^fvewei“×| wb‡Ri
ARv‡š— I‡dwjqvi wcZv c‡jvwmqvm‡K nZ¨v K‡i| gvbywmK AvNv‡Z wech©¯— I‡dwjqv AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| Avi n¨vg‡jU AvZ¥Ø‡›`
¶Zwe¶Z n‡Z _v‡K| †m ïay Zvi wcZvi nZ¨vKvix‡KB nZ¨v Ki‡Z Pvq bv, †m Pvq
ivRcÖvmv‡`i me cvc KjlZv `~i Ki‡Z| loh‡š¿i Rvb Pvw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| n¨vg‡j‡Ui KvKv
Zv‡K wel cÖ‡qvM K‡i nZ¨v Ki‡Z Pvq, wKš‘ ‡mB wel cvb K‡i gviv hvb n¨vg‡j‡Ui gv|
µz× n¨vg‡jU Zievwii AvNv‡Z nZ¨v K‡i KvKv‡K| wKš‘ wb‡RI welv³ Qzwii ¶‡Z wbnZ nq|
n¨vg‡j‡Ui GB g„Zz¨ GK †e`bvgq Mfxi Abyf~wZi ¯—‡i wb‡q hvq|
‡kl ‡jLv-
†kK&ªcxq‡ii †kl ch©v‡q †jLv¸wj Uªv‡RwW ev K‡gwW †_‡K wfbœagx©| †ivgvÂ,
†g‡jv‡Wªvgv, wewPÎ, Kíbvi GK mswgkªY N‡U‡Q GB me bvU‡K| wmg‡ewjb, DB›Uvm©‡Uj,
†Ug‡có D‡jK‡hvM¨|
8
Kvj© gvK©m
[Karl Markx]
wLªó c~e© 1818-1883
Rvgv©wbi ivBb
b`xi Zx‡i wUªqvi kni Aew¯’Z| GB kn‡i evm Ki‡Zb nvm©‡Kj I †nbwi‡qUv gvK©m bv‡g
GK Bû`x `¤úwZ| nvm©‡Kj wQ‡jb GKRb AvBb e¨emvqx| †nbwi‡qUv Zvi wØZxq mš—v‡bi Rb¥
w`‡jb 1818 mv‡j| cÖ_g mš—vb wQj †g‡q|
R‡b¥i ci wkïi
bvg ivLv nj Kvj©| hLb Kv‡j©i eqm 6 eQi, nvm©‡K‡ji cwiev‡ii me m`m¨B wLªóvba‡g©
`x¶v wb‡jb| Bû`xi Ici wbh©vZ‡bi Avk¼vq fxZ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb nvm©‡Kj| mš—vb‡`i i¶vi
Rb¨ wb‡Ri B”Qvi wei“‡× ag©vš—wiZ n‡jb wZwb|
12 eQi eq‡m
K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ ¯‹y‡ji †kl cix¶vq DËx©Y n‡jb| fwZ© n‡jb Rvg©vwbi eb wek¦we`¨vj‡q|
evevi B”Qv c~Y© Ki‡ZB fwZ© n‡jb AvBb co‡Z| wKš‘ AvB‡bi eB‡qi †P‡q †ewk fv‡jv
jvMZ KweZv, mvwnZ¨, Avi `k©b| Zvi hv‡K fvj jvMZ Zvi bvg †Rwb| cy‡iv bvg
†RvZvbœv ev_©vRwj †Rwb I‡ódv‡jb| †Rwbi evev wQ‡jb wUªqv‡ii GK m¤£vš— e¨vib,
ivóªxq Dc‡`óv| ‰kke †Ljvi mv_x, †hŠe‡b wb‡Ri ARv‡š—B `yR‡b †cÖ‡gi eva‡b c‡o
†Mj| hZw`b `yR‡b wUªqv‡i wQ‡jb, wbqwgZ †`Lv nZ wKš‘ e‡b †h‡ZB Kvj© Abyfe Ki‡jb
‡Rwbi wein| w`b-ivZ GLv‡b ILv‡b Ny‡i †eovb|
‡Q‡ji G
Aw¯’iZvi K_v ï‡b wePwjZ n‡q co‡jb nvm©‡Kj| †W‡K cvVv‡jb gvK©m‡K, wUªqv‡i Gm
†cŠuQ‡ZB wd‡i †c‡jb †Rwb‡K| Avevi Av‡Mi g‡Zv ¯^vfvweK n‡q DV‡jb Kvj©| wKš‘
GLv‡b †Zv †ewkw`b _vKv m¤¢e n‡e bv| ZvB †Mvc‡b †Rwb Kv‡j©i evM`Ëv n‡q †M‡jb|
wKš‘ G Lei †Mvcb ivLv †Mj bv| wPš—vq c‡o †M‡jb nvm©‡Kj, mvg‡b †MvUv fwel¨r c‡o
i‡q‡Q| wVK Ki‡jb Gevi eb bq, Kvj©‡K cvVv‡eb evwj©‡b| †mLv‡b i‡h‡Q A‡bK Ávwb ¸Yx
Aa¨vcK| †mLvbKvi cwi‡e‡k †M‡j nq‡Zv Kv‡j©i cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|
evwj©‡bi bZzb
cwi‡ek fv‡jv jvMj Kv‡j©i| covïbvi dvu‡K dvu‡K wbqwgZ wPwV †j‡Lb †Rwb‡K| evwj©b
†_‡K gvK©m G‡jb †Rbv‡Z| GLvbKvi wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K `k©bkv‡¯¿ W±‡iU jvf Ki‡jb| Zvi
B”Qv wQj wek¦we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZvi PvKwi †b‡eb| wKš‘ DMÖ ¯^vaxb gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ Zvi
Av‡e`b MÖvn¨ n‡jv bv|
BwZg‡a¨ evev
gviv wM‡q‡Qb| wUªqv‡i i‡q‡Q gv Avi wcÖqZgv †Rwb| PvKwii Avkv Z¨vM K‡i Zv‡`i
Kv‡QB wd‡i †M‡jb gvK©m| Ae‡k‡l `xN© †cÖ‡gi cwiYwZ NUj| gvK©m Avi †Rwb weevn
e܇b Ave× n‡jv|
we‡qi ci wd‡i
G‡jb e‡b| GB mgq †nMi wQ‡jb Rvgv©wbi †kªô `vk©wbK| Zvi `vk©wbK gZev` I wPš—v
hyemgvR‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|
e‡b G‡m K‡qKRb
Zi“Y hye‡Ki mv‡_ cwiPq nj| Zviv mK‡jB wQj †n‡M‡ji gZev‡` wek¦vmx| G‡`i mv‡_B
wZwb ¯’vbxq ˆecex KvRK‡g© hy³ n‡q co‡jb| Kvj©m Abyfe Ki‡jb Zv‡`i wPš—vfvebv I
gZvgZ cÖKvk Kievi Rb¨ GKwU cwÎKvi cÖ‡qvRb| mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq cÖKvwkZ nj †iwbm
†M‡RU| gvK©m n‡jb Zvi m¤úv`K| ZrKvjxb kªwgK‡`i `yie¯’v mš^‡× mKj‡K m‡PZb Kievi
Rb¨ wZwb GB cwÎKvq G‡Ki ci GK cÖeÜ wjL‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb|
K‡qKwU msL¨v
cÖKvwkZ n‡ZB miKvwi Kg©Pvixiv m‡PZb n‡q DVj, G‡Z ¯úóBZB i‡q‡Q we‡`ªv‡ni Bw½Z|
miKvwi Av‡`k e‡j wbwl× Kiv nj †iwbm †M‡RU| ïay cwÎKv eÜ K‡iB kvš— n‡jb bv
cÖwkqvb miKvi| gvK©m‡KI †`k †_‡K wbe©vwmZ Kiv n‡jv|
Rvgv©b Z¨vM K‡i
gvK©m G‡jb d«vÝ| mv‡_ ¯¿x †Rwb| ïi“ n‡jv wbe©vwmZ Rxeb| c¨vwim †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nZ
GKwU Rvgv©b cwÎKv| G‡Z cici K‡qKwU R¡vjvgqx cÖeÜ wjL‡jb gvK©m| Zvi fwel¨r
Rxe‡bi wPš—vfvebvi cÖ_g cÖKvk NUj GLv‡b| wZwb wjL‡jb, ag© c„w_exi gvby‡li `ytL
fyjevi Rb¨ ¯^‡M©i my‡Li cÖwZkÖ“wZ †`q| G Avi wKQz bq, Avwd‡gi g‡Zv gvbyl‡K
fywj‡q ivLvi †KŠkj| `vk©wbK‡`i mš^‡× ej‡jb, Zviv ïay bvbvfv‡e RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v Kiv
Qvov wKQzB K‡iwb| Avgiv ïay e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z PvB bv PvB RMrUv‡K cvëv‡Z|
cÖwkqvi
Aby‡iv‡a mvov w`‡q divwm miKvi gvK©m‡K Awej‡¤^ †`k Z¨vM Kievi wb‡`©k w`j|
d«v‡Ý c‡b‡iv
gv‡mi Ae¯’vbKv‡j cwiPq n‡qwQj †d«WvwiK cÖ‡½j‡mi mv‡_| GB cwiPq gvK©‡mi Rxe‡b GK
¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv| KviY cieZx© Rxe‡b G‡½j n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb Zvi wcÖqZg eÜz, mnKgx©,
mn‡hvMx|
gvK©m c¨vwim
Z¨vM K‡i G‡jb eªv‡mj‡m| Gi Aí wKQzw`b ci G‡½j‡m G‡m wgwjZ n‡jb Zvi mv‡_| K‡qK
gvm ci gvK©‡mi cwiPq nj Rvgv©b kªwgK ms‡Ni †bZv‡`i mv‡_, GQvovI jÛb I
g¨v‡Âóv‡ii wewfbœ kªwgK msMV‡bi mv‡_, Bsj¨v‡Ûi kªwgK †kªYxi mv‡_ H cÖZ¨¶
cwiP‡qi m~‡Î Abyfe Ki‡jb ïaygvÎ †jLwbi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ n‡e bv, cÖ‡qvRb
mwµqfv‡e mgvRZvwš¿K gZv`k©‡K cÖPvi Kiv| G gvK©m Rvgv©b kªwgK msN M‡o Zzj‡jb| Gi
D‡Ï‡k¨ wQj mgvRZvwš¿K gZev‡`i PP©v I cÖPvi|
cÖvq `y eQ‡ii
cÖ‡Póvq wZwb wewfbœ kªwgK ms‡Ni mv‡_ GK †hvMm~Î M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g n‡jb| M‡o DVj
Avš—Rv©wZK KwgDwbó jxM| GB jx‡Mi cÖ_g Awa‡ekb emj jÛ‡b 1847 mv‡j| †hvM w`‡jb
†ejwRqvg, d«vÝ, Rvg©vwb I jÛ‡bi cÖwZwbwaiv| GLv‡bB gvK©m I G‡½jm †hŠ_fv‡e iwPZ
KwgDwbó g¨vwb‡d‡óv mvaviY mfvq †ck Ki‡jb|
GB g¨vwb‡d‡óv
AvaywbK mgvRZš¿ev‡`i cÖ_g aŸwb G‡Z mgvRZ‡š¿i g~jbxwZi eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
Bk‡Znvi gyw`ªZ n‡q cªKvwkZ nj 1849 mv‡j| mg¯— BD‡iv‡ci ey‡K †hb wece ïi“ n‡q
†Mj|
gvK©m wQ‡jb
eªv‡mj‡m| ûKzg †`Iqv nj Awej‡¤^ †ejwRqvg Z¨vM Ki| B‡Zvg‡a¨B d«vÝ, Rvgv©wb †_‡K
weZvwoZ n‡q‡Qb|
1849 mv‡j
Bsj¨v‡Û G‡m evmv evua‡jb gvK©m, m‡½ ¯¿x †Rwb Avi wZbwU wkïmš—vb| 1852 mv‡ji
Bóv‡ii w`b gvK©‡mi †g‡q cÖvbwmmKv gviv †Mj| gvK©‡mi QwU mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ wZbwU
mš—vbB Abvnv‡i webv wPwKrmvq gviv wM‡qwQj| wK hš¿Yvgq Rxeb| c„w_exi †Kv‡bv
mvwnwZ¨K `vk©wbK †jL‡Ki Rxeb †eva nq GZLvwb `ytLgq nqwb|
`vwi`ª¨ ¶zav
Avi Amy¯’Zv wQj gvK©‡mi M„‡n wPim½x| A_P wZwb we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m Ab¨Zg †kªó †jLK,
hvi Kj‡gi kw³‡Z AaŸ© c„w_ex IjUcvjU n‡q †Mj| KZ mgªvU, Rvi, ivRv, AZ¨vPvix kvmK
aŸsm n‡q †Mj| m„wó nj bZzb c„w_exi BwZnvm| A_P †mB gvbylwUi Kj‡gi kw³‡Z wb‡Ri
msmv‡ii `y-gy‡Vv Abœ †hvMvi Ki‡Z m¶g nqwb|
Ggb wb`vi“b
`vwi`ª¨‡K m½x K‡iB gvK©m Svwcu‡q co‡jb BD‡iv‡ci ey‡K KwgDwbRg Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖPvi I
cÖmv‡i| †`k-we‡`‡ki †bZviv G‡m gv‡S gv‡SB Zvi mv‡_ mv¶vr KiZ| Z‡e GB mgq Zvi
me‡P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ KvR wQj Avš—R©vwZK
kªwgK msN M‡o †Zvjv| 1873 mv‡j GB mwgwZ †f‡½ bv hvIqv ch©š— wZwbB GB ms¯’v
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
gvK©‡mi wPš—v,
`k©‡bi wfwË wQj †nMwjb `k©b| †n‡Mj wQ‡jb evwj©b wek¦we`¨vj‡qi `k©‡bi Aa¨vcK|
†b‡cvwjq‡bi Rvgv©b Avµg‡bi Rb¨ Rvgv©wbi gvbyl i“‡mv, fj‡Zqv‡ii cwie‡Z© †n‡Mj‡KB
Av`k© wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQj| BwZnvm‡K µgweeZ©‡bi Aåvš— MwZ wn‡m‡e Dcjwä Kievi wk¶v
gvK©m †c‡qwQ‡jb †n‡M‡ji KvQ †_‡K, wKš‘ †n‡Mj wQ‡jb fveev`x `vk©wbK| gvK©m Zvi
†_‡K wb‡R‡K DËiY Ki‡jb eš‘ev`x `k©‡b| µgk wZwb DcjwäKi‡jb mgMÖ mgvR e¨e¯’vi
PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q A_©bxwZ| hv‡`i nv‡Z hZ DØ„Ë A_© mwÂZ n‡e, ZvivB n‡e me‡P‡q
¶gZvevb, mgv‡Ri cÖfy|
Zvi GB fvebv
wPš—v gbbkxjZv cÖKvk Ki‡jb Zi Awe¯§iYxq MÖš’ W¨vb K¨vwcUv‡j (Dan Capital)| G‡Z wZwb
abZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vi cy•Lvbycy•L we‡klY K‡i‡Qb| 1867 mv‡j Zvi GB W¨vb
K¨vwcUvj cÖPvwiZ nq| cieZx© `ywU LÛ Zvi g„Zz¨i ci G‡½jm m¤úv`bv K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib|
GB eBLvwb we‡k¦i mg¯— †kvwlZ ewÂZ msMÖvgx gvby‡li evB‡ej| i“‡kvi ÔmvgvwRK Pzw³Õ
gZev` †hgb divmx wec‡ei †cÖiYv w`‡qwQj, W¨vb K¨vwcUvjI 1917 mv‡ji i“k wec‡ei
†cÖiYv w`‡qwQj|
Rxe‡bi
†klch©v‡q G‡m GB eB iPbv‡ZB †ewk mgq KvUv‡Zb| µgkB Zvi ¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ cowQj|
Wv³viiv cix¶v K‡i †`L‡jb Zvi wjfvi A¯^vfvweK †e‡o wM‡q‡Q| Amy¯’¨ Ae¯’v‡ZB wZwb
wj‡L Pj‡jb| GB mgq Zvi Rxe‡b †b‡g G‡jv Pig AvNvZ| 1881 mv‡ji 2iv wW‡m¤^i ey‡Ki
K¨vbmv‡i gviv †M‡jb gvK©‡mi myL-`yt‡Li wPimv_x †Rwb|
1883 mv‡ji
Rvbyqvix‡Z eo †g‡q gviv †Mj| ey‡K bZzb AmyL †`Lv w`j| Wv³viiv mva¨gZ wPwKrmv
K‡ib wKš‘ AmyL †e‡oB Pjj| Ae‡k‡l 14B gvP© 1883 mv‡j wPiNy‡gi †`‡k nvwi‡q †Mj
gvK©m| ZLb Zvi eqm 62 n‡Z K‡qK mßvn evwK| WviDBb †hgb ˆRe cÖK…wZi weKv‡ki wbqg
Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb, †Zgwb gvK©m Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi weKv‡ki wbqg|
eZ©gvb
cyuwRev`x Drcv` c×wZi Ges GB c×wZ †h ey‡R©vqv mgvR m„wó K‡i‡Q Zvi MwZi we‡kl
wbqgwUI gvK©m Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| †h mgm¨vi mgvavb LyuR‡Z wM‡q GZw`b ch©š— me
ey‡R©vqv A_©bxwZwe` I mgvRZš¿x mgv‡jvPK Df‡qiB AbymÜvb AÜKv‡i nvZwo‡q †eovw”Qj,
Zvi Dci mnmv Av‡jvKcvZ nj DØ„Z g~j¨ Avwe¯‹v‡ii d‡j|
9
Pvj©m WviDBb
[Charles Robert Darwin]
wLªó c~e© 1809-1882
1809 mv‡ji 12B
†deª“qvix Bsj¨v‡Ûi GK m¤£vš— cwiev‡i WviDB‡bi Rb¥| Zvi wcZv wQ‡jb bvgKiv
wPwKrmK| gvÎ AvU eQi eq‡m gv‡K nviv‡jb WviDBb| †mB mgq †_‡K wcZv Avi eo †evb‡`i
†mœn Qvqvq eo n‡q DV‡Z jvM‡jb| bq eQi eq‡m ¯‹z‡j fwZ© n‡jb| wPivPwiZ cvV¨m~wPi
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Avb›`B †c‡Zb bv| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, evwo‡Z Zvui fvB GKwU †QvU j¨ve‡iUwi
M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| †mLv‡b wZwb imvq‡bi bvbvb gRvi †Ljv †Lj‡Zb| 16 eQi eq‡m Pvj©m‡K
Wv³vwi covi Rb¨ GwWbevM© wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© K‡i †`qv nj | hvui gb cÖK…wZi i“c im
M‡Ü c~Y© n‡q Av‡Q, giv †`‡ni nvo Aw¯’, g¾v Zvu‡K †Kgb K‡i AvKl©Y Ki‡e| Jl‡ai
bvg g‡b ivL‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| kix‡ii A½-cÖZ¨‡½i weeiY co‡Z weiw³ †eva Ki‡Zb| Avi
Acv‡ik‡bi K_v ïb‡jB AvuZ‡K DV‡Zb|
Pvj©‡mi wcZv
eyS‡Z cvi‡jb,†Q‡ji c‡¶ Wv³vi nIqv m¤¢e bq| Zv‡K †Kgweª‡Ri µvBó K‡j‡R fwZ© Kiv
nj| D‡Ïk¨ ag©hvRK Kiv|
‡mB mgq
†Kgweª‡Ri Dw™¢` we`¨vi Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb †nbm‡jv| †nbm‡jvi mv‡_ cwiPq nIqvi ci †_‡KB
Zvui AbyivMx n‡q co‡jb Pvj©m| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B ¸i“-wk‡l¨i g‡a¨ cÖMvp eÜzZ¡ M‡o
DVj| †KgweªR †_‡K cvk K‡i wZwb wKQzw`b f~we`¨v wb‡q covïbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e
Pvj©m WviDB‡bi Rxe‡b GK AhvwPZ †mŠfv‡M¨i D`q nj| Aa¨vcK †nbm‡jvi KvQ †_‡K
GKLvwb cÎ †c‡jb WviDBb| weªwUk miKv‡ii c¶‡_‡K weMj bv‡g GKwU RvnvR `w¶Y
Av‡gwiKv Awfhv‡bi ‡ei n‡e| GB Awfhv‡bi cÖavb n‡jb K¨v‡Þb wdRiq| GB Awfhv‡bi
D‡Ïk¨ nj cÖK…wZK cwi‡ek, RxeRš‘, MvQcvjv mš^‡× Ávb jvf Kiv Ges G‡`i ˆewkó¨‡K
ch©‡e¶Y Kiv| GB ai‡bi Kv‡R we‡klÁ Ges AbyivMx e¨w³ivB Awfhv‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡Z
cvi‡e| GB Afvebxq †mŠfv‡M¨i my‡hvM‡K wKQz‡ZB ZvZQvov Ki‡Z PvB‡jb bv WviDBb|
1831 mv‡ji 27†k
wW‡m¤^i ÔweMjÕ `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi DcK~j QvovI Mvjvcv‡Mvm ØxccyÄ, ZvwnwZ, A‡óªwjqv,
wbDwRj¨vÛ, gvjØxc I †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c RvnvR
Ny‡i †eovj| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ WviBDb
535 w`b KvwU‡qwQ‡jb mvM‡i Avi 1200 w`b wQ‡jb gvwU‡Z|
WviBDb hv wKQz
cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Zb Zvi bgybvi mv‡_ mywbw`©ó weeiY, ¯’vb, msMÖ‡ni ZvwiL wj‡L ivL‡Zb|
†Kv‡bv Z‡Ë¡i w`‡K Zuvi bRi wQj bv| ev¯—e Z‡_¨i cÖwZ wQj Zvui AvKl©Y| 24†k RyjvB
1834 mvj| WviDBb wj‡L‡QbÔ B‡Zvg‡a¨ 4800cvZvi weeiY wj‡LwQ, Gi g‡a¨ A‡a©K
f~we`¨v, evwK wewfbœ cÖRvwZi RxeRš‘i weeiY| weMj Rvnv‡R P‡o †`kåg‡Yi mgq gv‡S
gv‡SB Amy¯’ n‡q co‡Zb| `xN© cvuP eQi ci hLb 1836 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Û cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡jb
WviDBb, ZLb Zvui ¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ wM‡q‡Q| wKš‘ A`g¨ g‡bvej Avi evwoi mK‡ji †mevq
Aíw`‡bB my¯’¨ n‡q DV‡jb| GB mgq wZwb Zvui KvwRb G¤§v I‡qRDW‡K weevn K‡ib|
weev‡ni m~‡Î †ek wKQz m¤úwË jvf K‡ib WviDBb| G¤§vi M‡f© WviDB‡bi `kwU mš—vb
Rb¥vq| ïay gv wn‡m‡e bq, ¯¿x wnmv‡eI G¤§v wQ‡jb AmvaviY|
WviDB‡bi cieZx©
eB GK ai‡bi mvgyw`ªK ¸Mwj‡`i wb‡q| GB eBwU wjL‡Z WviDB‡bi mgq †j‡MwQj AvU eQi|
GB mgq Zvui g‡bvRM‡Z GK bZzb wPš—v Rb¥ nw”Qj| hw`I my`xN© w`b ch©š— Zv wQj
AmsjMœ wek„•Lj| wKš‘ wbijm cwikªg, Aa¨emvq, we‡klY, M‡elYvi g‡a¨ w`‡q ZviB ga¨
†_‡K m„wó nw”Qj GK bZzb gZev`-weeZ©bev`|
WviDBb cÖ_‡g
Zvui weeZ©bev‡`i Dci 230 cvZvi cvÛywjwc wZwb K‡ib| Gici ïi“ n‡jv cvÛywjwc
ms‡kva‡bi KvR| Zv‡Z bZzb Z_¨ ms‡kva‡bi KvR| cÖwZwU Z‡_¨i wePvi-we‡klY Kiv,
Zv‡K Av‡iv hyw³wbô Kiv| my`xN© c‡b‡iv eQi a‡i P‡jwQj GB ms‡kvab ce©| GBevi
WviDBb eB †jLvi Kv‡R nvZ w`‡jb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wZwb M‡elbvi KvR fvjevm‡Zb, †jLv‡jwL
Ki‡Z ZZLvwbB weiw³ †eva Ki‡Zb| Ae‡k‡l 24 b‡f¤^i 1859 mv‡j WviDB‡bi eB cÖKvwkZ
n‡jv| eB‡qi bvg The
origin of species by means of Natural Selection ro the preservation of
Favorured Races in the struggle for life.
cÖKv‡ki mv‡_
mv‡_ 1250 Kwc eB wewµ n‡q †Mj| weeZ©bev‡`i bZzb ZË¡ evB‡e‡ji Av`g B‡fi Kvwnbx|
c„w_exi m„wói Kvwnbx‡K ‰eÁvwbK Z‡_¨i we‡kl‡Y m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ Ki‡jb| GB
eB‡Z wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, Avgv‡`i GB c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZgyn~‡Z© bZzb cÖv‡Yi Rb¥ n‡”Q| Rx‡ei
msL¨v µgvMZB †e‡o P‡j‡Q Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨ weivgnxb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi ga¨ w`‡q| hviv
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvivB wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ eRvq ivL‡Z
†c‡i‡Q| wKš‘ hviv cv‡iwb Zvi aŸsm n‡q wM‡q‡Q| GB aviv‡KB ejv n‡q‡Q †hvM¨Z‡gi
Rq| Survival of the
Fittest’’| wKš‘ mg‡qi mv‡_ m‡_ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b n‡”Q| mgy‡`ªi g‡a¨
Rb¥ n‡”Q ¯’jfv‡Mi, KZ ¯’jfvM nvwi‡q hv‡”Q mgy`ªM‡f©| AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b n‡”Q,
b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©b n‡”Q| GB cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ RxweZ cÖv‡Yi I cwieZ©‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡”Q| ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡q c‡o‡Q mwVK wbe©vPb|
WviDBb gZev` GB
cwieZ©bkxj, eskMwZ Ges cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Dci cÖwZwôZ| cÖvK…wZi wbe©vP‡bi
mvnv‡h¨ cÖvYx cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wb‡R‡K mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i| Rx‡ei myweavi Rb¨ GB
cwieZ©b Zv‡`i DˇivËi DbœwZ NUvq, m„wó K‡i bZzb cÖRvwZi| The origin of the species cÖKvwkZ nIqvi
ci WviDBb Zvui weeZ©bev` ZË¡‡K Av‡iv DbœZfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ 1868 mv‡j cÖKvk
Ki‡jb Variation of
Animals and Plant under Domestication| 1871 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nj WviDB‡bi Avi
GKLvwb weL¨vZ iPbv The
Descent of Man| cÖv‡Yi weKvk e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi Aw¯—‡Z¡i m¼U †`Lv w`‡”Q| cÖvK…wZK
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g †hvM¨Z‡gi Rq n‡”Q| GK cÖRvwZ †_‡K Rb¥ wb‡”Q Av‡iK cÖRvwZ|
cÖvYx cÖwZwbqZ wb‡R‡K DbœZ Ki‡Q GK ¯—i †_‡K Av‡iK ¯—‡i| WviDB‡bi gZ Abymv‡i
gvbyl wbgœZi Rxe †_‡K av‡c av‡c DbœZ Rx‡ei ¯—‡i G‡m †cŠu‡Q‡Q| GB µgweeZ©‡bi
wPÎB wZwb Gu‡K‡Qb Zvi The
Descent of Man MÖ‡š’|
WviDB‡bi
weeZ©bev‡`i cÖm‡½ A‡b‡Ki aviYv, gvby‡li DrcwË evu`i †_‡K| wKš‘ WviDBb KL‡bv GB
ai‡bi K_v e‡jbwb| Zvui AwfgZ wQj gvbyl Ges evu`i Df‡qB †Kv‡bv GK cÖv‰MwZnvwmK
Rxe †_‡K weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| evu`iiv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Avgv‡`i c~e©cyi“l bq, Zvi †P‡q
`~im¤ú©‡Ki AvZ¡xqv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
WviDB‡bi g‡Z,
gvbyl c„w_exi †kªô Rxe| KviY mg¯— RxeRM‡Zi g‡a¨ gvbyl mK‡ji †_‡K †ewk †hvM¨Zg|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbyl †Kv‡bv ¯^M©P~Z¨ †`e`~Z bq, †m ee©iZvi ¯—i †_‡K DbœZ Rxe| GwM‡q
PjvB Zvi j¶¨| wZwb hLb †klev‡ii g‡Zv jÛ‡b G‡mwQ‡jb ZLb Zvi eqm 73 eQi| GK eÜzi
evwoi `iRvi mvg‡b G‡mB Amy¯’¨ n‡q co‡jb| eÜz evwo‡Z wQ‡jb bv| eÜzi evwoi PvKi
Qz‡U Avm‡ZB WviDBb ej‡jb, Zzwg e¨¯— n‡qv bv, Avwg GKUv Mvwo †W‡K P‡j †h‡Z cvie,
G‡Z †Kvb Amyweav n‡e bv| Kv‡Ri †jvK‡K †Kvbfv‡e weeªZ bv K‡i ax‡i ax‡i wb‡Ri
evwo‡Z wM‡q weQvbvq ï‡q co‡jb| WviDBb eyS‡Z cviwQ‡jb Zvui w`b †kl n‡q Avm‡Q|
wZb gvm Amy¯’¨
_vKvi ci 19†k GwcÖj 1882 mvj, c„w_ex †_‡K wPiwe`vq wb‡jb Pvj©m ievU© WviDBb|
Zvui g„Zz¨‡Z cÖK…wZ‡Z †b‡g G‡jv †kv‡Ki Qvqv|
10
‡c‡Uv
[Willam
Shakexpeare]
wLªó
c~e© 327-234
m‡µwmUm,
†c‡Uv, G¨vwióUj-gvby‡li wPš—v Avi Áv‡bi RM‡Z wZb D¾¡j b¶Î| m‡µwU‡mi g‡a¨ †h
wPš—vi D‡b¥l N‡UwQj; ‡c‡Uv, G¨vwióUj Zv‡KB mymsnZ `k©‡bi i“c w`‡jb| Guiv ïay
†h wMÖ‡mi †kªô `vk©wbK ZvB bq, mgMÖ BD‡iv‡ci Áv‡bi RM‡Z hyMcyi“l|
‡c‡Uv wQ‡jb
†mB me mxwgZ msL¨K gvbyl‡`i GKRb hviv Ck¦‡ii AK…cY Ki“Yv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Zvui Rb¥ n‡qwQj m¤£vš— abx cwiev‡i| Aci“c wQj Zvi †`n jveY¨, mywgó KÚ¯^i,
AmvaviY eyw×gËv, Áv‡bi cÖwZ AvKv•Lv, m‡µwU‡mi g‡Zv ¸i“i wkl¨Z¡ jvf Kiv,
mewKQz‡ZB wZwb wQ‡jb ‡mŠfvM¨evb|
wcZv wQ‡jb
G‡_‡Ýi wewkó e¨w³| wKš‘ AvwfRv‡Z¨i †KŠwjb¨ Zvu‡K †Kvbw`b ¯úk© K‡iwb| ivRbxwZ
&I ivóªxq e¨vcv‡i wZwb eiveiB wQ‡jb D`vmxb| ev¯—e Rxe‡bi RwUjZv , mgm¨vi
†P‡q Áv‡bi mxgvnxb RMr Zvui gb‡K Av‡iv †ewk AvK…ó KiZ| †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡KB wZwb
wQ‡jb fveyK Avi KíbvcÖeY| GK mgq G‡_Ý wQj me©wel‡q mg„×| †c‡Uv hLb wK‡kvi †mB
mgq wmwmwji mv‡_ hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡o G‡_Ý|GB hy‡×ii ci ‡_‡KB ïi“ nj G‡_‡Ýi wechq| ‡`‡k
MYZš¿ aŸsm K‡i cÖwZwôZ nj ‰¯^ivPvix kvmb| mgv‡Ri me©‡¶‡Î †`Lv w`j Ae¶q Avi
`ybx©wZ|
‡c‡Uv wewfbœ
wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q wk¶v jvf K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q wk‡L‡Qb msMxZ, Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q wkí,
†KD wkwL‡q‡Qb mvwnZ¨ Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q cvV wb‡q‡Qb weÁv‡bi| m‡µwU‡mi cÖwZ
†Q‡j‡ejv †_‡KB wQj †c‡Uvi Mfxi kª×v| m‡µwU‡mi Ávb, Zvui wk¶v`v‡bi c×wZi cÖwZ
wK‡kvi eq‡mB AvKl©Y Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb| Kzwo eQi eq‡m wZwb m‡µwU‡mi wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY
Ki‡jb|
Zi“Y †c‡Uv
Aíw`‡bB n‡q DV‡jb m‡µwU‡mi me‡P‡q wcÖq wkl¨| ¸i“i wec‡`i gyn~‡Z©I †c‡Uv wQ‡jb
Zvui wbZ¨ m½x
wePv‡ii bv‡g
wZk¨v cÖnmb K‡i m‡µwUm‡K nZ¨v Kiv nj| m‡µwU‡mi g„Zy¨ nj wKš‘ Zvui cÖÁvi Av‡jv
R¡‡j DVj wkl¨ †c‡Uvi g‡a¨| †c‡Uv ïayB †h m‡µwU‡mi wcÖq wkl¨ wQ‡jb ZvB bq,
wZwb wQ‡jb ¸i“i Áv‡bi aviK I evnK|
¸i“i cÖwZ GZ
Mfxi kª×v Lye Kg wk‡l¨i g‡a¨B †`Lv hvq| †c‡Uv hv wKQz wj‡L‡Qb, †ewki fvM †¶‡ÎB
Zvui cÖavb bvqK m‡µwUm| Gi d‡j DËi Kv‡ji gvbyl‡`i Kv‡Q GKUv mgm¨vi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
m‡µwUm‡K †K›`ª K‡i †c‡Uv Zvui me msjvc ZË¡K_v cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| memgqB †c‡Uv
wb‡R‡K Avov‡j †i‡L‡Qb-KL‡bvB cÖKvk K‡ibwb| Ôm‡µwU‡mi Rxe‡bi †kl w`bÕMÖ‡š’, RM‡Z
Zvi †Kvb Zzjbv †bB|
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cÖwZfvevb cyi“l †h ïaygvÎ m‡µwUm‡K AÜ AbymiY K‡i Zvui AwfgZ‡KB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, G
K_v †g‡b †bIqv KóKi| Zvui K‡_vcK_b¸wj `xN©Kvj a‡i iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †c‡Uvi gZ
GKRb gnvb
wPš—vwe``vk©wbK
mg¯— Rxeb a‡i ïay m‡µwU‡mi evYx cÖPvi Ki‡eb, GK_v KLbB †g‡b †bIqv hvq bv| ZvB
cwÛZ e¨w³‡`i aviYv, †c‡Uv Zvui wb‡Ri AwfgZ‡KB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|Zvui GB me Awfg‡Zi
Drm I †cÖiYv n‡”Q m‡µwU‡mi Rxeb I Zvui evYx|
¸i“i g„Zz¨‡Z
Mfxifv‡e gg©vnZ n‡qwQ‡jb †c‡Uv| Zvi K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨BG‡_Ý ¯úvU©vi nv‡Z m¤ú~Y©
wea¯— n‡jv| Avi G‡_‡Ý _vKv wbivc` bq| Ávbx-¸Yx-cwÛZ‡`i mv‡_ bvbvb wel‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb Zvi `„wófw½, Áv‡bi cÖmvi NUwQj, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb
cwÛZ `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e Zvui L¨vwZ Qwo‡q coj Pviw`‡K| `xN© `k eQi a‡i cÖev‡m Rxeb
KvwU‡q Ae‡k‡l wd‡i G‡jb G‡_‡Ý|
gnvb ¸i“ gnvb
wkl¨| ågi †hgb dz‡ji myev‡m Pviw`K †_‡K Qz‡U Av‡m `‡j `‡j, †Zgwb QvÎiv G‡m wfi
Kij †c‡Uvi Kv‡Q| m‡µwUm wkl¨‡`i wb‡q cÖKvk¨ ¯’v‡b wM‡q wk¶v w`‡Zb wKš‘ †c‡Uv
Db¥y³ †Kvjvn‡j wk¶v`vb‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cvi‡jb bv| bM‡ii DcK‡Ú †c‡Uvi GKwU
evMvbevwo wQj, †mLv‡bB wZwb wk¶v‡K›`ª Lyj‡jb, Gi bvg w`‡jb GKv‡Wwg| GB GKv‡Wwgi
Qv·`i Kv‡QB †c‡Uv DRvo K‡i w`‡jb Zvui Ávb wPš—v gbxlv|
Zvi Rxe‡bi GKwU
D‡jL‡hvM¨ NUbv nj, wmwmwj Øx‡ci kvmK‡`i Avnev‡b wZwb Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e †mLv‡b hvb|
wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb wmwmwj‡K GK Av`k© ivóª wnmv‡e MVb Ki‡Z| `vk©wbK‡`i wPš—vfvebvi
mv‡_ ivóª‡bZv‡`i wPš—vfvebvi †Kvbw`bB wgj nq bv| ZvB †kl ch©š— e¨_© g‡bvi_ n‡q
wd‡i G‡jb G‡_‡Ý| Zvui GB AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K
wjL‡jb wicvewjK-GK Av`k© iv‡ói i“c dz‡U D‡V‡Q †mLv‡b|
Avm‡j †c‡Uvi
Av‡M `k©bkv‡¯¿i †Kv‡bv k„•Ljv wQj bv| wZwbB G‡K GKwU my`„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZôv
Ki‡jb| G‡K bZzb e¨Äbv w`‡jb| wZwb Rxebe¨vcx mvabvi g‡a¨ w`‡q gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Qb GK
bZzb cÖÁvi Av‡jv|
BD‡ivcxqiv
Zvu‡K eR©b Ki‡jI Avieiv Zvu‡K MÖnY Kij| Avie cwÛZiv Zvu‡K bZzbfv‡e Avwe¯‹vi
Kij| Avevi Pviw`‡K cÖPvwiZ nj Zvui Av`k©ev`| BD‡iv‡ci gvby‡li wPš—vfvebv gb‡bi
RM‡Z †h `yRb gvbyl me‡P‡q †ekx cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvu‡`i GKRb †c‡Uv,AciRb
G¨vwióUj|
‡c‡Uvi
wPš—vfvebv Zvui hyM‡K AwZµg K‡i n‡q D‡V‡Q GK wPiKvjxb mZ¨| †c‡Uvi wPš—vfvebvi
c~Y© cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zvui wicvewjK MÖ‡š’|
wek¦ mvwn‡Z¨i GK Ab¨Zg †kªô MÖš’| hw`I eBLvwb‡Z bvbvb cÖm½ G‡m‡Q| gvbe Rxeb Ges
mgvR Rxe‡b hv wKQz cÖ‡qvRb-kixiPP©v, wkíKjv, mvwnZ¨, wk¶v, mcÖRbb we`¨v-GQvovI
Kve¨ AjsKvi b›`b ZË¡ GB eB‡qi Aš—©f~³|‡c‡Uv iv‡ói bvMwiK‡`i wZbwU fv‡M fvM
K‡i‡Qb| (1) kvmK m¤cÖ`vq (2) ˆmwbK m¤cÖ`vq (3) RbmvaviY I µxZ`vm| ivóª ZLbB
mycwiPvwjZ nq hLb wZb wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mymvgÄm¨ eZ©gvb _v‡K Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi
`vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡i| wZwb e‡j‡Qb kvmK m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Ávb, kvmb
¶gZv-‰mwbK‡`i PvB mvnm exiZ¡, RbM‡bi cÖ‡qvRb mshg I kvmK‡`i cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨|
iv‡óªi DbœwZ-AebwZ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i kvmK‡`i Dci| ZvB †c‡Uv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡
w`‡q‡Qb kvmK wbe©vP‡bi Dci|
wZwb wek¦vm
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bq| hZw`b gvbyl RxweZ _vK‡e ZZw`bB †m †kªô Rxeb hvcb Ki‡e| Zvui ivóªe¨e¯’vq
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iv‡óªi †¶‡Î Avi wKQzB n‡Z cv‡i bv|
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AvcvZ `„wó‡Z †c‡Uvi AwfgZ wbôzi e‡j g‡b n‡jI mvgvwRK wePv‡i Zv G‡Kev‡i g~j¨nxb
bq|
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bvix‡`i D‡c¶v K‡i| wMª‡mi cyi“l‡`i GB AnwgKv †c‡Uv‡K ¯úk© K‡iwb| wZwb †`‡L‡Qb
wewfbœ wMÖm gbxlx‡`i †cÖiYvi Drm n‡”Q bvix|
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iv‡óªi Av`‡k©i K_v e‡j‡Qb|
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†mŠ›`‡h© AZzjbxq n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i, †c‡Uvi iPbv bv co‡j Zv Abyfe Kiv hvq bv|
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G‡Kk¦iev`x| Zvui Ck¦i g½jgq, wZwb gvby‡li Kj¨vY K‡ib| wZwb c~Rv cvV Dcvmbv‡Ki
¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb kª×v Avi cweÎ PwiÎ| †mB mv‡_ cÖÁv, Áv‡bi
gva¨‡gB Ck¦‡ii c~Rv Ki‡Z nq|
GKw`b Zvui GK
eÜzi †Q‡ji we‡q‡Z wbgwš¿Z n‡q wM‡q‡Qb| †mLvbKvi Kj‡Kvjvn‡j wKQz¶‡Yi g‡a¨B K¬vš—
n‡q co‡jb| wekªvg †bevi Rb¨ cv‡ki N‡i †M‡jb wKš‘ Avb›` Djv‡mi kã µgkB †e‡o
PjwQj| Dcw¯’Z mK‡jB f~‡j wM‡qwQj e„× `vk©wb‡Ki K_v| GK mgq weevn †kl nj| be
`¤úwZ Avkx©ev` MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †c‡Uvi K‡¶ cÖ‡ek Kij| †c‡Uv ZLb Mfxi Ny‡g A‡PZb|
c„w_exi †Kvb gvby‡li Wv‡KB †mB Nyg fv½‡e bv|
11
G¨vwióUj
[Aristotle]
wLªó
c~e© 322-384
wek¦weRqx
eximgªvU Av‡jKRvÛvi `ytL K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, Rq Kievi Rb¨ c„w_exi Avi †Kvb †`kBevwK
iBj bv| Zvui w_¶K gnvcwÛZ G¨vwióUj
mb¥‡×I GKB K_v cÖ‡qvR¨| Áv‡bi Ggb †Kv‡bv w`K †bB wZwb hvi c_cÖ`k©K bb| Zvui Poetice MÖ‡š’ wZwb
bvU¨ZË¡ I Kve¨Z‡Ë¡i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK RxeweÁv‡bi wZwbB RbK|
wZwb eû `vk©wbK
Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v| Zvui wPš—v Ávb gbxlv cÖvq `yB nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbe mf¨Zv‡K weKwkZ
K‡iwQj|
384wLªóªc~‡e©
wMÖ‡mi Aš—M©Z ¯—v‡RBiv kn‡i G¨vwióUj Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZv wQ‡jb wPwKrmK| 17
eQi eq‡m wcZv-gvZv‡K nvwiq M„nZ¨vM K‡ib| Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z wZwb G‡_‡Ý G‡m Dcw¯’Z nb|
†mB mgq G‡_Ý wQj wk¶vi †K›`ª| m‡µwU‡mi wkl¨ †c‡Uv M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb bZzb GKv‡Wwg|
†mLv‡b fwZ© n‡jb G¨vwióUj| Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zvq wZwb n‡q DV‡jb
GKv‡Wwgi †miv QvÎ| †c‡Uv&I Zvui AmvaviY eyw×gËvq gy» n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb|
wk¶v`vb QvovI
bvbv welq wb‡q M‡elYvi KvR Ki‡Zb G¨vwióUj ZK©we`¨v, Awawe`¨v, cÖK…wZweÁvb,
RxeweÁvb, bxwZkv¯¿| Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvui Mfxi Ávb, AmvaviY cvwÛ‡Z¨i K_v PZzw`©‡K
Qwo‡q c‡owQj| g¨vwmW‡bi ivRv wdwj‡ciI AÁvZ wQj bv| cyÎ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Rb¥ mg‡qB
Zvui wk¶vi fvi Ac©Y K‡ib G¨vwióU‡ji Dci| ZLb G¨vwióUj AvUvk eQ‡ii hyeK|
Av‡jKRvÛvi hLb †Z‡iv eQ‡ii wK‡kvi, ivRv wdwj‡ci Avgš¿‡Y G¨vwióUj G‡m Zvui wk¶vi
fvi MÖnY Ki‡jb| †kªô ¸i“i w`wM¦Rqx QvÎ| eû cÖvPxb HwZnvwm‡Ki aviYv G¨vwióU‡ji
wk¶v Dc‡`kB Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii A`g¨ g‡bvej Avi ‡jŠnKwVb `„p PwiÎ M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡iwQj| cªK…Zc‡¶ GKR‡bi wQj mgMÖ c„w_ex‡K Rq K‡i Zvi Dci cÖf~Z¡ Kievi cÖej
B”Qv| Ab¨ R‡bi wQj Áv‡bi bZzb bZzb RMr Avwe¯‹vi K‡i gvby‡li Rb¨ Zv‡K PvwjZ Kivi
B”Qv| G¨vwióU‡ji cÖwZ ivRv wdwj‡ci&I wQj Mfxi kª×v| G¨vwióU‡ji Rb¥¯’v
¯—v‡RBiv wKQz `ye©„‡Ëi nv‡Z aŸsm n‡q wM‡qwQj| †mLvbKvi eû gvbyl ew›` Rxebhvcb
KiwQj| ivRv wdwjc G¨vwióU‡ji B”Qvq kµ †mbvi nvZ †_‡K ïay ¯—v‡RBiv D×vi K‡ibwb,
aŸsm¯‘‡ci g‡a¨ †_‡K kni‡K bZzb K‡i M‡o Zzj‡jb|
G¨vwióUj GKw`‡K
wQ‡jb gnvÁvbx, Ab¨w`‡K mv_©K wk¶K| ZvB ¸i“i cÖwZ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wQj Amxg kª×v|
wZwb ej‡Zb, wcZvi Kv‡Q †c‡qwQj Avgvi GB Rxeb Avi ¸i“i Kv‡Q wk¶vjvf K‡iwQj Kx
fv‡e mv_©K Ki hvq Zvi Ávb|
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w`‡Zb|
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wQj wkí ms¯‹…wZ wk¶vi cxV¯’vb| GLv‡bB ¯‹zj ¯’vcb Ki‡jb G¨vwióUj| ZLb Zvui eqm
cÂvk eQi| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨ nj| K‡qKRb AbyMZ Qv‡Îi QÎQvqvq †h Rxeb
hvcb Ki‡Zb Zv‡Z wech©q †b‡g Gj| K‡qKRb AbyMZ Qv‡Îi KvQ †_‡K msev` †c‡jb Zvui
wei“‡× lohš¿ ïi“ n‡q‡Q| m‡µwU‡mi Awš—g cwiYwZi K_v ARvbv wQj bv G¨vwióU‡ji| ZvB
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w`‡q hvb| w_Id«v¯—v‡mi ci †mB mg¯— iPbvewji DËivwaKvix nv‡Z w`‡q hvb| w_Id«v¯—v‡mi
ci †mB mg¯— iPvbvewji DËivwaKvix nb Zvui wkl¨ †b‡jIm| †b‡jI‡mi g„Zz¨i ci Zvui
cyÎiv †mB mg¯— iPbvewj‡K †jvnvi wm›`y‡K cy‡i G¨vwióU‡ji mgvwai wb‡P cy‡Zu
iv‡Lb| `y‡kv eQi ci †iv‡gi †mbvevwnbx hLb wMÖm `Lj K‡i ZLb †mB cyuw_ D×vi K‡i
†iv‡g wb‡q Avmv nj| mg¯— iPbvB RxY© n‡q wM‡q‡Q| eû cÖ‡Póvq †m mg¯— cyuw_
Abywjwc cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nj Ges Zvi wfwˇZB G¨vwióU‡ji iPbvewj cÖKvwkZ nq|
welqe¯‘yi
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cÖK…wZweÁvb, bxwZkv¯¿, AjsKviZË¡, Kve¨ZË¡| G¨vwióU‡ji iPbvi msL¨v GK nvRv‡ii
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m‡Ë¡&I wZwbB cÖ_g gvby‡li Kv‡Q Áv‡bi gkvj‡K Zz‡j a‡ib|
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GB mg¯— iPbvi g‡a¨ A‡b‡K wbf~©j ZË¡ _vK‡jI †R¨vwZwe©Ávb I c`v_© we`¨vi †¶‡Î
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QvovB wZwb GB me wel‡q wm×v‡š— G‡mwQ‡jb| †hgb wZwb ej‡Zb, hw` GKB mv‡_ GKwU
fvwi I nvjKv e¯‘y‡K Dci †_‡K †djv nq Z‡e fvix e¯‘ywU Av‡M co‡e| eû kZ eQi
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ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
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K‡i‡Q|
12
wj&Ibv‡`©v
`¨ wfwÂ
[Leonardo Da Vinci]
wLªó
c~e© 1452-1519
gvbe mf¨Zvi
BwZnv‡m hw` c~Y© gvbyl wn‡m‡e Kv‡iv bvg we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq, wZwb wjIbv‡`©v `¨
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n‡q‡Q Zvui Rxeb GK Amgvß hvÎvc_| †h c‡_i †kl Zvui Kv‡Q AMg¨B i‡q †Mj|
BUvwji †i‡bmvi
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Zvui Mvb ï‡b mK‡jB gy» nZ|
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jvó mvcvi QvovI
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wLªóv‡ã divmx mgªvU wgjvb AvµgY Ki‡jb| wZwb wgjvb Z¨vM K‡i cvwj‡q G‡jb †fwb‡m|
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K‡iwQ‡jb hy× wg‡U †M‡j Avevi wgjv‡b, gvZ…f~wg †d¬v‡i‡Ý P‡j hv‡eb|
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AvuK‡Z Zvi wZb eQi mgq †j‡MwQj|
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mK‡j ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h ‡Pw½m Lv‡bi mvgªvR¨we¯—v‡ii c×wZwU mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq| hw`I mK‡j
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13
Rywjqvm
wmRvi
[Julius Ciesar]
wLªó
c~e© 100-144
Rywjqvm wmRv‡ii
Kcv‡ji wjLbB wQj ZvB| cÖ_g, wmRvi cÖ_gB n‡e| †iv‡g hw` wØZxq n‡Z nq Z‡e wmRvi
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mvwnZ¨ Ges wk‡í we®§qKi AMÖMwZi g‡a¨ w`‡q gvbe BwZnv‡m †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv‡`i m`¤¢
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ZLb cyi¯‹vi wn‡m‡eB †ivgvb‡`i cÖavb †`eZvRywcUv‡ii AP©e c‡` wbhy³ nb Rywjqvm|
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mK‡jB Zv‡K wek¦vm Kij| gymv ej‡jb, Avgiv †divDb-Gi Kv‡Q wM‡q †`kZ¨v‡Mi AbygwZ cÖv_©bv
Kie| gymv Zvi fvB G¨vib I K‡qKRb Bû`x †bZv‡K mv‡_ wb‡q nvwRi n‡jb †divD‡bi
`iev‡i| gymv Rvb‡Zb mivmwi †`kZ¨v‡Mi AbygwZ PvB‡j KL‡bv d¨vivI †mB AbygwZ †`‡eb
bv| ZvB wZwb ej‡jb,mgªvU,Avgv‡`i mªóv Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb mg¯— Bû`x‡K wgwWqvi
gi“cÖvš—‡i GK cvnv‡o wM‡q cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z| Avcwb hw` K‡qK w`‡bi Rb¨ †mLv‡b hvevi
AbygwZ †`b|
‡divDb gymvi
Aby‡iva mvov w`‡jb bv| µy× ¯^‡i e‡j DV‡jb, †Zvgv‡`i Avjvni Av‡`k Avwg gvwb bv|
†Zvgiv wgki Z¨vM K‡i †Kv_vI †h‡Z cvi‡e bv| gymv ej‡jb, Avgiv hw` gi“f~wg‡Z wM‡q
cÖv_©bv bv Kwi Z‡e wZwb Avgv‡`i Dci µz× n‡eb| nqZ Avgv‡`i mKj‡KB aŸsm K‡i
†dj‡eb|
Zvi †Kvb K_v ïb‡jb
bv †divDb| ZvB e¨_© g‡bvi_ n‡q wd‡i G‡jb
gymv| wK Ki‡eb wKQzB fve‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| †k‡l wbi“cvq n‡q Avjvni Kv‡Q AvKzj n‡q
cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| Zvi cÖv_©bvq mvov w`‡jb Avjvn| wZwb gymv‡K ej‡jb, †Zvgvi fvB
G¨vib‡K ej, †m †hb b`x, Rjvkq, cyKzi SY©vq wM‡q Zvi Rv`y`Û ¯úk© K‡i, Zvn‡jB
†`L‡e mg¯— cvwb i³ n‡q †M‡Q|
Avjvni wb‡`©‡k
G¨vib wgk‡ii mg¯— cvbxq Rj‡K i‡³ i“cvš—wiZ K‡i †djj| d¨vivI Av‡`k w`‡jb gvwU
Lyu‡o cvwb †ei Ki| ˆmwbKiv AmsL¨ K~c Luy‡o †djj| mK‡j †mB Rj cvb Ki‡Z Avi¤¢
Kij| G¨vi‡bi Rv`y wedj n‡Z gymv cybivq Avjvni Kv‡Q cªv_©bv Ki‡jb|
GBevi wgki Ry‡o
e¨v‡Oi gnvgvix †`Lv †Mj| Zvi cuPvM‡Ü †jv‡Ki cÖvYvš—Ki Ae¯’v| †KD N‡i _vK‡Z
cvi‡jb bv| mK‡j wM‡q †divD‡bi Kv‡Q bvwjk Rvbvj| wbi“cvq n‡q †divDb †W‡K cvVv‡jb
gymv‡K| ej‡jb,Zzwg e¨v‡Oi goK eÜ Ki| Avwg †Zvgv‡`i gi“f~wg‡Z wM‡q cÖv_©bv Kievi
AbygwZ †`e| gymvi B”Qvq e¨v‡Oi goK eÜ n‡jI d¨vivI bvbvb ARynv‡Z Bû`x‡`i hvIqvi
AbygwZ w`‡jb bv|
wbi“cvq n‡q
gymv Avevi Avjvni Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| d¨vivI‡`i AvPi‡Y GB evi fq¼i µz× n‡q
DV‡jb Avjvn| mg¯— wgki Ry‡o ïi“ nj So-SÄv, e„wó Avi gnvgvix| ZeyI †divDb
AbygwZ w`‡Z Pvb bv|
GB evi Avjvn
Av‡iv wbg©g A¯¿ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jb| nVvr mg¯— wgkixq‡`i cÖ_g mš—vb gviv coj| †`kRy‡o
ïi“ nj nvnvKvi| mg¯— wgkixqiv `je×fv‡e wM‡q ÔÔ†divDbÕÕ-Gi Kv‡Q `vwe Rvbvj,
Bû`x‡`i †`k Qvovi AbygwZ w`b, bv n‡j Av‡i wK ¸i“Zi me©bvk n‡e ‡K Rv‡b| fq †c‡q
†M‡jb d¨vivI| †divDb gymv‡K †W‡K ej‡jb, cÖv_©bv Kievi Rb¨ ‡Zvgv‡`i gi“f~wg‡Z
hvevi AbygwZ w`w”Q| hw` g‡b Ki, †Zvgv‡`i hv wKQz Av‡Q, M„ncvwjZ Mevw` cï,
RxeRš‘, wRwbmcÎ, me mv‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z cvi|
‡`kZ¨v‡Mi
AbygwZ †c‡q Bûw`iv mK‡jB DjwmZ n‡q DVj| Zviv mK‡jB gymv‡K Zv‡`i †bZv e‡j
¯^xKvi K‡i wbj| wgki QvovI gvKzg bM‡iI eû Bûw` evm KiZ| Zviv `je×fv‡e gymv‡K
AbymiY Kij|
gymv Rvb‡Zb
Avjvni kvw¯—i f‡q d¨vivI †`kZ¨v‡Mi AbygwZ w`‡jI wZwb †kl gyûZ© ch©š— †Pó Ki‡eb
hv‡Z Zv‡`i hvÎvc‡_ weNœ m„wó Kiv hvq| ZvB h_vm¤¢e c_ Pj‡Z jvM‡jb|
K‡qKw`b Pjevi
ci Zviv mK‡j G‡m coj †jvwnZ mvM‡ii Zx‡i| Gw`‡K Bûw`iv wgki Z¨vM Ki‡ZB †divD‡bi
g‡bi cwieZ©b NUj| †hgb K‡iB †nvK Zv‡`i wdwi‡q wb‡q G‡m Avevi µxZ`v‡m cwiYZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| ZLbB Bûw`‡`i ew›` Kivi Rb¨ wekvj GK ˆmb¨evwnbx‡K cvVv‡jb †divDb|
Gw`‡K `~i †_‡K wgkixq
ˆmb¨‡`i †`L‡Z †c‡q AvZ¼MÖ¯’ n‡q coj mg¯— Bûw`iv| GKUz&I wePwjZ n‡jb bv
gymv|
Avjvni wbKU
cÖv_©bvq em‡jb gymv| cÖv_©bv †kl n‡ZB ˆ`eevYx nj, gymv! †Zvgvi nv‡Zi jvwV Zz‡j
mgy‡`ªi g‡a¨ w`‡q hv‡e| mgy‡`ªi cvwb †Zvgv‡`i ¯úk© Ki‡e bv|
wZwb Zvui nv‡Zi
jvwV mgy‡`ªi mvg‡b G‡m `vuov‡ZB mgy`ª wØavwef³ n‡q †Mj| Zvi g‡a¨ w`‡q Zviv
mK‡jB c_ a‡i GwM‡q Pjj| Zviv wKQz`yi †h‡ZB wgkixq ˆmb¨iv G‡m coj mgy‡`ªi Zx‡i
Bûw`‡`i mgy‡`ªi gvSLvb w`‡q †h‡Z †`‡L ZvivI Zv‡`i AbymiY K‡i †mB c‡_ a‡i GwM‡q
Pjj| mg¯— wgkixq evwnbx mgy‡`ªi g‡a¨ †b‡g Avm‡ZB Avjvni wb‡`©k ïb‡Z †c‡jb,
gymv! †Zvgvi nv‡Zi jvwV wcQb wd‡i bvwg‡q `vI|
gymv Zvui nv‡Zi
jvwV wbPz Ki‡ZB mgy‡`ªi Rjivwk G‡m AvQ‡o coj wgkixq ˆmb¨‡`i Dci| gyû‡Z© wekvj
ˆmb¨evwnbx mgy‡`ªi AZj Z‡j Zwj‡q †Mj| Bû`xiv wbivc‡` Zx‡i wM‡q DVj|
gymv mKj‡K wb‡q
GwM‡q Pj‡jb| mvg‡b wekvj gi“f~wg| mvgvb¨ c_ Awεg Ki‡ZB Zv‡`i mwÂZ cvwb, Lvevi dzwi‡q
†Mj| gi“f~wgi ey‡K †Kv_vI cvwbi wPügvÎ †bB| µgkB mK‡j Z…òv_©, ¶zav_© n‡q
c‡owQj| A‡b‡K Avi AMÖmi n‡Z PvBwQj bv|
gymv wePwjZ n‡q
co‡jb, GZ¸‡jv gvbyl‡K †Kv_v †_‡K Z…òvi cvwb †`‡eb| wKQz`~i †h‡ZB GK RvqMvq cvwb
cvIqv †Mj| GZ `yM©Ü †mB cvwb, Kvi mva¨ Zvi gy‡L †`q| cÖv_©bvq em‡jb gymv|
cÖv_©bv †kl K‡i Avjvni wb‡`©‡k wKQz Mv‡Qi cvZv †d‡j w`‡jb †mB cvwbi g‡a¨| mv‡_
mv‡_ †mB cvwb my¯^v`y cvbxq n‡q DVj| mK‡j Z…òv wgwU‡q me cvÎ f‡i wbj| hviv
gymv‡K †`vlv‡ivc KiwQj, Zviv AbyZß n‡q ¶gv wf¶v Kij| mK‡j gymv‡K Zv‡`i ag©¸i“ I
†bZv wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i wjb| mK‡j Zvui wb‡`©k g‡Zv GwM‡q Pjj|
wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨
me Lvevi dzwi‡q †Mj| Av‡k cv‡k †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv Lvev‡ii mÜvb cvIqv †Mj bv| wL‡`i
R¡vjvq mK‡jB K¬vš— n‡q coj| Avevi Zviv †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij gymv‡K| †Zvgvi
R‡b¨B Avgv‡`i GZ Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡”Q|
gymv mevB‡K
ˆah©¨ I kvš— K‡i ej‡jb, †Zvgiv fy‡j wM‡qQ Avgv‡`i Ck¦i Avjvni K_v | wZwb
†divDb‡K †Zvgv‡`i †`kZ¨v‡Mi AbygwZ w`‡Z eva¨ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mgy`ª‡K wØavwef³
K‡i‡Qb, ˆmb¨‡`i nvZ †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i i¶v K‡i‡Qb| †Zvgv‡`i cvbxq e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb|
Zey&I †Zvgiv Zvui kw³‡Z m‡›`n cÖKvk KiQ|
Zvi K_v †kl
n‡ZB †Kv_v †_‡K †mLv‡b D‡o Av‡m AmsL¨ cvwLi SvuK| Bû`xiv B”Qvg‡Zv cvwL †g‡i
gvsm Lvq| Avi Kv‡iv g‡b †Kv‡bv mskq _vK‡jv bv| gymvB Zv‡`i Awemsevw`Z †bZv|
mK‡j kc_ K‡i Rxe‡b gi‡Y Zviv gymvi mg¯— Av‡`k †g‡b Pj‡e|
gymv mKj
Bûw`‡`i wb‡q G‡jb GwdwWg bv‡g GK wbR©b cÖv‡š— Pviw`‡K a~ a~ evwj, gv‡S gv‡S
†QvU cvnvo, †Kv_vI cvwbi †Kv‡bv Drm †bB| gymv Avevi mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q Pj‡jb|
wKQz`yi wM‡q GKUv eo cvnv‡oi mvg‡b G‡m `vuov‡jb| Avjvni wb‡`©‡k GKUv cv_i
miv‡ZB †ewi‡q Gj ¯^”Q cvwbi GK SiYvaviv| †mB cvwb‡Z mK‡ji Z…òv wgUj|
gymv †hLv‡b
G‡mwQ‡jb Zvi A`~‡iB c¨v‡j¯—vB‡b ZLb evm KiZ Avgv‡jK bv‡g GK DcRvwZ m¤cÖ`vq|
bZzb GK`j gvbyl‡K Zv‡`i A‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`‡L Zviv hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡jv|
Aciw`‡K Bûw`iv
`xN© c_åg‡b K¬vš—, cwikªvš—,Aembœ, mK‡j gymv‡K ejj, GB hy‡× Avgv‡`i wbwðZ civRq
n‡e| Zzwg Ab¨ †Kv_vI Avkª‡qi mÜv‡b Pj|
gymv mKj‡K mvnm
w`‡q Zvui `‡ji mg¯— cyi“l‡`i GKwÎZ K‡i hy‡× Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡jb| wKš‘ cwiPvjbvi fvi
†`Iqv nj †Rvïqv bv‡g GK mvnmx hyeK‡K| ïi“ n‡q †Mi Zzgyj hy×| gymv wb‡R hy‡×
†hvM w`‡jb| Avjvni wb‡`©‡k cvnv‡oi Dci I‡V Zvi nv‡Zi `Û AvKv‡ki w`‡K Zz‡j
ai‡jb| hy‡× cÖ_‡g Avgv‡jiv Bûw`‡`i wech©¯— KiwQj| wKš‘ gymv Zvui `Û DaŸ©vKv‡k Zzj‡j Avjvn ZLb gymvi
Kv‡b Kv‡b `kwU wb‡`©k w`‡jb| G‡`i e‡j †Ub Kg¨vÛm|
gymv‡K Av‡iv
wKQz wb‡`©k w`‡q Avjvni A`„k¨ KÚ¯^i evZv‡m wgwj‡q †Mj| S‡o †Mj †mB Av‡jvKiwk¥
†gNcyÄ| mewKQz ¯^vfvweK n‡q Gj|
wbqg `kwU n‡jv
GK- Avjvni
Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Ck¦i †bB| †Zvgiv Avjvn Qvov Aci †Kv‡bv †`eZvi Bev`Z Ki‡e bv|
`yB- Avjvn‡K
ïay gvÎ Dcvm¨ wn‡m‡e gvb¨ Ki‡jB n‡e bv| Zvui cÖwZwU wb‡`©k Av‡`k †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
wZb- mßv‡ni Qq
w`b KvR Ki‡e| mßg w`b †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡e bv| GB w`b m¨vev_ ev cweÎ wekªv‡gi w`b|
Pvi- wcZvgvZv‡K
fw³ Ki‡e, kª×v Ki‡e, Zvu‡`i cÖwZ cvjbxq KZ©e¨ Aek¨B cvjb Ki‡e|
cvuP- †Kv‡bv
gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e bv|
Qq- †Kv‡bv bvix
ev cyi“l‡K KL‡bvB e¨wfPvi Ki‡e bv|
mvZ- Ac‡ii `ªe¨
AcniY Ki‡e bv|
AvU- wg_¨v mv¶¨
†`‡e bv|
bq- Ab¨i
wRwb‡mi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv †jvf Ki‡e bv, ev hv‡Z A‡b¨i AwaKvi Av‡Q Zv MÖnY Ki‡e bv|
`k- Dcvmbv¯’‡j
†e`x wbg©vY K‡i cïewj w`‡Z n‡e|
cv_i ¯’vcb Kiv
nj cvnv‡oi Mv‡q| hv‡Z Bûw`‡`i fwel¨r eskaiiv Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ck¦‡ii K_v|
GBevi gymv
Ck¦‡ii a¨vb Kievi Rb¨ cvnv‡oi P~ovq D‡V †M‡jb| `xN© Pwjk w`b a‡i Mfxi mvabvq gMœ
n‡q iB‡jb gymv|
Gw`‡K gymvi
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mK‡jB wPwš—Z n‡q coj| mK‡j G‡m aij gymvi fvB nvi“b‡K| †m fy‡j †Mj
†Ub Kg¨vÛ‡mi wb‡`©k| †m GKwU †mvbvi evQzi ˆZix K‡i ejj, GB evQziwU‡KB Avjvni
cÖZxK e‡j c~Rv Ki|Zvici G‡K ewj w`‡q c~Rv †kl Ki‡e| mK‡jB evQzi cyRvi Avb‡›`
†g‡Z DVj| Bûw`‡`i GB g~wZ©c~Rv †`‡L µz× n‡q DV‡jb Avjvn| wZwb gymv‡K ej‡jb, I‡`i
GB Mwn©Z Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avwg mKj‡K aŸsm Kie| m„wó Kie bZzb GK RvwZ|
gymv eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb Avjvn Bûw`‡`i Ab¨vq AvPi‡Y µz× n‡q D‡V‡Qb| wZwb bZRvby n‡q e‡m ej‡jb,
†n cÖfy, Zzwg †Zvgvi mš—vb‡`i GB Aciva gvR©bv Ki|
gymvi K_vq kvš—
n‡jb Avjvn| wZwb Zvui Dc‡`k-wb‡`©k †jLv Av‡iv `ywU cv_i w`‡jb| gymv †mB cv_i
`ywU wb‡q cvnvo †_‡K wb‡P bvg‡ZB †`L‡Z †c‡jb †mvbvi evQz‡ii g~wZ©‡K wN‡i Bûw`iv
Avb›` Drm‡e †g‡Z D‡V‡Q| Bûw`‡`i GB Amshgx ag©wei“× AvPi‡Y µz× n‡q DV‡jb gymv|
ZvB wZwb µz×
¯^‡i MR©b K‡i DV‡jb, †Zvgiv GB bvP I c~Rv Drme eÜ Ki|
Bûw`iv mK‡jB
gymvi Wvb w`‡K G‡m `vuovj| gymv M¤¢xi K‡Ú ej‡jb, †Zvgiv †h Ab¨vq K‡iQ Zvi
cÖvqwðË Ki‡Z n‡e|
gymv ej‡jb,
cÖ‡Z¨K cwiev‡ii GKRb Zievwi wb‡q GwM‡q Gm| mK‡j Zievwi wb‡q Avm‡ZB gymv ej‡jb,
GB Zievwi w`‡q †Zvgv‡`i †h †Kv‡bv GKRb fvB,eÜz wKsev wcÖqRb‡K nZ¨v Ki| G Avgvi
wb‡`©k bq, Avjvni Av‡`k|
mKjB bZg¯—‡K
†mB Av‡`k †g‡b wbj| gymv Avi Bûw`‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î evm Ki‡Zb bv| wZwb Avjv`v Zvey‡Z
_vK‡Zb| w`bivZ Avjvni a¨v‡b gMœ _vK‡Zb| gv‡S ïay Avjvni wb‡`©k¸‡jv cÖPvi
Ki‡Zb| `kwU Abykvmb QvovI G¸‡jv wQj ¯^Zš¿ wb‡`©k|
GK- we‡`kx‡`i
¯^RvwZi gvby‡li g‡ZvB fvjevm‡e|
`yB- †Kbv‡ePvi
mgq e¨emvqxiv †hb IR‡bi KviPzwc bv K‡i mwVK `vg †bq|
wZb- A‡b¨i ¯¿xi
m‡½ A‰ea m¤úK© Kiv Pj‡e bv|
Pvi-g~wZ©cyRv,
Rv`ywe`¨v m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwm×|
Avjvni wb‡`©k
mK‡j c¨v‡j¯—vB‡b hvÎvi R‡b¨ cÖ¯‘Z nj| wZb w`b Pjevi ci Zviv G‡m coj K¨vbvb
bM‡ii cÖv‡š—| GLv‡bB A¯’vqx wkwei ¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
gymv Bûw`‡`i
g‡a¨ †_‡K ev‡ivRb AwfÁ gvbyl‡K cvVv‡jb c¨v‡j¯—vB‡bi `w¶Y w`KUvB me‡P‡q mg„×
AÂj|
gymv ej‡jb, Avgiv c¨v‡j¯—vB‡bi `w¶‡YB emwZ ¯’vcb Kie, †Zvgiv mK‡j GwM‡q
Pj| c¨v‡j¯—vB‡bi
mxgvš— cÖ‡`‡k
ZLb evm KiZ Avgv‡jwKZ I K¨vbvwbZ bv‡g `yB DcRvwZ| GB `yB DcRvwZ eûw`b a‡iB
c¨v‡j¯—vB‡b evm KiwQj| `yB DcRvwZi gvby‡liv GK m‡½ Bûw`‡`i Dci Svwc‡q coj|
AvPgKv GB Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z wQj bv Bûw`iv | Zviv AvZ¥i¶vi Rb¨ cvwj‡q †Mj ng©v
bv‡g GK wbR©b cÖvš—‡i|
gymv eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb c¨v‡j¯—vB‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †M‡j Ab¨ c_ w`‡q cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e| Zviv G‡m co‡jb
K¨vbvwbZ iv‡R¨i cÖv‡š— | AcwiwPZ Bûw`‡`i †`‡LB K¨vbvwb‡Zi ivRv Zv‡`i AvµgY
Ki‡jb| GBevi Av‡M †_‡KB cÖ¯‘Z wQj Bûw`iv| gymvi eyw×-‡KŠk‡j Zviv civwRZ nj|
Ae‡k‡l Zviv G‡m
co‡jb RW©vb b`xi Zx‡i| b`xi Icv‡i †gvqv‡ii ivR¨| †mB ivR¨ cvi n‡jB c¨v‡j¯—vBb|
RW©v‡bi Zx‡i GK DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci DV‡j †`Lv hvq c¨v‡j¯—vB‡bi meyR cÖvš—i|
Gw`‡K gymvI
DrKwÚZ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb c¨v‡j¯—vB‡bi gvwU‡Z cv †`evi Rb¨| Ggb mgq Avjvni ˆ`eevYx
ïb‡Z †c‡jb| †n Avgvi wcÖq f³, †Zvgvi c„w_ex Qvoevi mgq n‡q‡Q, Zzwg cÖ¯‘Z nI|
ciw`bB mg¯—
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K‡i‡Rvïqvi Ici Ac©b Ki‡jb|
mKj‡K Dc‡`k
w`‡q wZwb cÖv_©bvq em‡jb| eyS‡Z cv‡jb Zvui mgq †kl n‡q‡Q| `xN© 120 eQi a‡i
c„w_exi KZ wKQzB †Zv cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡jb| MZ Pwjk eQi †glcvjK †hgb Zvi †g‡li cvj‡K
Pwi‡q wb‡q †eovq, wZwb †Zgwb mgMÖ Bûw` RvwZ‡K wgki †_‡K wb‡q G‡m‡Qb
c¨v‡j¯—vB‡bi
cÖvš—‡i| Rxe‡b
†Kv‡bvw`b myL‡fvM Ges wejvwmZv K‡ibwb| a‡g©i c‡_ mr mij Rxeb hvcb K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZ
gyn~‡Z© wbcxwoZ Bûw` RvwZi cÖwZ wb‡Ri Aš—‡ii AKzÚ fv‡jvevmv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i
bvbvb wec` †_‡K i¶v K‡i‡Qb| GZw`‡b Zuvi me KvR †kl nj|
15
m¨vgy‡qj
n¨vwbg¨vb
[Samuel Hanimann]
[wLªóc~e©-1755-1843
]
Rvg©vb †`‡ki
gvi‡MÖ&I‡qU cÖ‡`‡ki Aš—M©Z wg‡mb kn‡i 1755 mv‡ji 11 GwcÖj ga¨iv‡Z GK `wi`ª
wPÎK‡ii N‡i Rb¥ n‡jv GK wkïi| ZL‡bv †KD Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb GB wkïB n‡q DV‡e
AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi RM‡Z GK bZzb avivi Rb¥`vZv|
‡nvwgIc¨vw_K
wPwKrmve¨e¯’vi RbK wµwkqvb †d«WwiK m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb| Pvi fvB‡ev‡bi g‡a¨
m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb wQ‡jb Z„Zxq mš—vb| wcZv-gvZvi cÖ_g cyÎmš—vb| evev MWwd«‡Wi
Avkv wQj m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb eo n‡q DV‡j ZviB mv‡_ Qwe AvuKvi KvR Ki‡e, Zv‡Z
nq‡Zv msmv‡i Avw_©K mgm¨v wKQzUv `yi n‡e|
evwo‡ZB
evev-gv‡qi Kv‡Q cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cvV ïi“ nj| ev‡iv eQi eq‡m m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb
fwZ© n‡jb ¯’vb~q UvDb ¯‹z‡j| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvui AmvaviY †gavi cwiPq †c‡q gy» nb
Zvui wk¶Kiv UvDb ¯‹z‡j wk¶v †kl K‡i m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb fwZ© n‡jb wcÖ‡Ým ¯‹z‡j|
Gw`‡K msmv‡i µgkB Afve Avi `vwi`ª cÖKU n‡q DVwQj| MWwd«‡Wi c‡¶ msmvi Pvjv‡bv
Am¤¢e n‡q DVwQj| wbi“cvq n‡q m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb ¯‹zj †_‡K Qvwo‡q wjcwRK kn‡i GK
gyw`i †`vKv‡b gvj †Kbv‡ePvi Kv‡R jvwM‡q w`j| ¯‹zj KZ…©c¶ GK_v Rvb‡Z †c‡i
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi ¯‹z‡ji gvB‡b I Ab¨me LiP g&IKzd K‡i w`j hv‡Z Avevi m¨vgy‡qj
n¨vwbg¨vb covïbv Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| h_vmg‡q ¯‹z‡ji †kl cix¶vq AmvaviY K…wZ‡Z¡i
mv‡_ DËxY© n‡jb n¨vwbg¨vb| wZwb GKvwaK fvlvq cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡ib|
wcZvi Ag‡ZB
wjcwRK wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nevi R‡b¨ †ewi‡q co‡jb| nv‡Z m¤^j gvÎ 20†Lij|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
B”Qv wQj wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ Aa¨vqb Ki‡eb| ZLb †Kv‡bv Wv³v‡ii Aax‡b †_‡K KvR wkL‡Z nZ|
wjcwR‡K †Kv‡bv fv‡jv nvmcvZvj wQj bv| wZwb wf‡qbv‡Z Wv³vi fb †Kvqvwi‡bi Kv‡Q
KvR Kivi my‡hvM †c‡jb|
ZLb Zvi eqm
evBk eQi| Gg‡a¨B wZwb wMÖK, jvwUb, Bs‡iwR, BUvwjqvb, wneª“, Aviwe, ¯ú¨vwbk Ges
Rvg©vb fvlvq h‡_ô cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Gevi fvlvZË¡ †Q‡o ïi“ n‡jv wPwKrmvkv¯¿
Aa¨qb|
nv‡Z wKQz A_©
mÂq n‡ZB wZwb fwZ© n‡jb Avij¨vb‡Ri wek¦we`ªvj‡q| GLvb †_‡KB wZwb PweŸk eQi eq‡m
ÔW±i Ae ‡gwWwmbÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| Wv³vwi cvk K‡i GK eQi cÖvKwUm Kivi ci wZwb
Rvg©vwbi GK nvmcvZv‡j PvKwii my‡hvM cvb|
Ab¨ me wel‡qi
g‡a¨ imvq‡bi cÖwZ n¨vwbg¨vb wQj me‡P‡q †ekx AvMÖn| †mB m~‡ÎB †nmjvi bv‡g GK
Jl‡ai Kvievixi mv‡_ cwiPq nj| wbqwgZ Zvui evwo‡Z hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z nj| †nmjv‡ii mv‡_
_vK‡Zb Zvui cvwjZ Kb¨v †nbwi‡qUv| †nbwi‡qUv wQ‡jb my›`ix eyw×gZx| Aíw`‡bB `yB
Zi“b-Zi“bx ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡jb| 1782 mv‡ji 17 b‡f¤^i `yR‡bi we‡q n‡q †Mj|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi eqm ZLb 27 Ges †nbwi‡qUvi 18| we‡qi c‡ii eQ‡iB Zvu‡`i cÖ_g mš—vb
Rb¥ wb|
‡m hy‡M wPwKrmv
weÁvbxiv Ab¨ welq mš^‡Ü Ávb AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡Zb bv| wKš‘ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
AvMÖn wQj wewfbœ wel‡q we‡klfv‡e wZwb imvq‡bi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡qwQ‡jb| divwm fvlv
†_‡K Rv©gvb fvlvq GKvwaK MÖš’ Abyev` K‡ib|Gi D‡jL‡hvM¨ `yB LÛ Art of Manufacturing chemical
products. GQvov `yB L‡Û Art
of distiling liquors. imvq‡bi †¶‡Î Zvui M‡elYv †mB hy‡M h‡_ô ms‡hvRb|
GB mgq wZwb
Wv³vi IqvMjv‡ii mv‡_ UvDb nvmcvZv‡j Wv³vwi Ki‡Zb| nVvr Wv³vi IqvMjvi Amy¯’ n‡q
co‡jb| mg¯— nvmcvZv‡ji `vwqZ¡ G‡m coj n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Dci|
c‡ii K‡qK eQi
wZwb ARm¨ eB Abyev` K‡ib Ges Mercurius Solubilis Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ n‡q †M‡jb| wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e ZLb
Zvui bvg hk Pviw`‡K GZLvwb Qwo‡q c‡owQj †h wZwb cÖPzi A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
nvmcvZv‡ji PvKwi †Q‡o w`‡q RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cy‡ivcywi Abyev‡`i Kv‡R nvZ
w`‡jb|
1791 mv‡j wZwb
Gwbeiv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Wv³vi Kv‡j‡bi GKwU eB Av‡jvc¨w_K †gwUwiqv Bs‡iwR
†_‡K Rvg©vb fvlvq Abyev‡`i KvR nv‡Z †bb| GB eB‡qi GKwU Aa¨v‡qi Cinchona Bark cv`UxKvq †jLv
wQj g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡ii Ilya KzBbvBb hw` †Kv‡bv my¯’ e¨w³i kix‡i cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Z‡e
Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ Zvi kix‡i g¨v‡jwiqvi j¶Y cÖKvk cv‡e|
Kv‡j‡bi GB
AwfgZ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wPš—vRM‡Z GK weivU Av‡jvob m„wó Kij| wZwb Gi mZ¨Zv cix¶vi Rb¨
wb‡R cÖwZw`b 4 Wªvg K‡i `yevi wm‡¼vbvi Avµvš— n‡jb| Gici cwiev‡ii cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Dci
GB cix¶v Ki‡jb Ges cÖwZeviB GKB djvdj †c‡jb| Gi †_‡K Zvui g‡b cÖkœ †R‡M DVj, KzBbvB‡bi
g‡a¨ wK †iv‡Mi j¶Y Ges Ily‡ai j¶‡Yi mv`„k¨ m„wóKvix †Kv‡bv ¶gZv Av‡Q?
GZw`b
wPwKrmK‡`i aviYv wQj wei“×fvevcbœZvB wei“×fvevcbœ‡K Av‡ivM¨ K‡i| A_©vr gvby‡li
†`‡n Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq †h me j¶Y cÖKvk cvq Zvi wecixZ wµqvkw³ m¤úbœ Ily‡ai †ivM
AviM¨ nq| GB cÖPwjZ g‡Zi wei“‡× ïi nj Zvui M‡elYv|
‡Mv_vi wWDK
gvbwmK †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvjq †Lvjvi Rb¨ Zvui evMvbevwowU n¨vwbg¨vb‡K †Q‡o w`‡jb|
1793 mv‡j n¨vwbg¨vb GLv‡b nvmcvZvj M‡o Zzj‡jb Ges GKvwaK gvbwmK †ivMvMÖ¯—
i“Mx‡K my¯’¨ K‡i †Zv‡jb|
`xN© Qq eQ‡ii
AK¬vš— M‡elYvi ci wZwb wm×v‡š— G‡jb h_v_©B m`„k‡K m`„k Av‡ivM¨ K‡iV| (Similia similiabus curantur A_©vr like cures likes)-GB aviYv
†Kv‡bv Abygvb ev Kíbvi Dci cÖwZwôZ bq, G m¤ú~Y© ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨|
Zvi GB Avwe¯‹vi
1796 mv‡j †m hy‡Mi GKwU weL¨vZ cwÎKvq (Hufeland’s Journal) cÖKvwkZ nj| cÖeÜwUi bvg †`Iqv nj- An essay on a new Priciple for
Ascertaining the curative Powers of Drugs and some Examinationof the previous
principles.’’ GB cÖe‡Üi g‡a w`‡q wZwb wm×v‡š— G‡jb- Every power medicinal substance produces in the human
body a peculiar kind of disease the more Powerful the medicine, the more
peculiar, marked and violent the disease.
We should imitate nature which
sometime cures chronic disease by super adding another and employ in the
(especially chronic) disease we wish to cure, that medicine which is able to
Produce another very similar artificial __ and the former will be cured.
Simillia Similiabus.
GB cÖe‡Üi g‡a¨
gva¨‡g AvawbK †nvwgIc¨w_K wPwKrmvi wfwË cËb Ki‡jb| n¨vwbg¨vb| †mB Ki‡Y 1796
mvj‡K ejv nq †nvwgIc¨w_i Rb¥el©| †nvwgIc¨vw_ kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q wMÖK kã †nvgm
Ges c¨v_m †_‡K| m`„k Ges Gi A_© †ivM j¶‡Yi mg j¶Y wewkó Jla Øviv wPwKrmv|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB
hyMvš—Kvix cÖeÜ cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ wPwKrmv RM‡Zi cÖvq mK‡jB g‡Zi †NviZi we‡ivax
n‡q DV‡jb| Zvui wei“‡× wewfbœ cÎcwÎKvq Zxeª mgv‡jvPbvg~jK cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡Z
Avi¤¢ Kij| Zvu‡K ejv nj Awkw¶Z nvZz‡o wPwKrmK| wb‡Ri Avwe¯‹…Z m‡Z¨i cÖwZ Zvui
GZLvwb AwePj Av¯’v wQj, †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPbv‡ZB wZwb mvgvb¨Zg wePwjZ n‡jb bv|
n¨vwbg¨vb wb‡RB
ïi“ Ki‡jb wewfbœ Jl‡ai Dci cix¶v-wbix¶v| cix¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡RB mg¯— Jla †L‡Zb
Zvici cwiev‡ii †jvK‡`i Dci Zv cix¶v Ki‡Zb| GBfv‡e GKi ci GK Jla cix¶v K‡i †h
Ávb AR©b Ki‡jb Zvi wfwˇZ 1805 mv‡j jvwUb fvlvq cÖKvk Ki‡jb Rragment-verbus bv‡g 27wU
Jly‡ai weeiY msµvš— eB| GB eBwU cÖ_g †nvwg&Ic¨w_K †gwUwiqvi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg|
Gici †_‡KB wZwb
†nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv Avi¤¢ K‡ib| wZwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb Zvui cwiw¶Z mZ¨‡K hZ¶Y bv
†ivMxi †ivM wPwKrmvi Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Qb ZZ¶Y ch©š— Zv RbM‡Yi g‡b wek¦vm Drcv`b
Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e bv| GB mgq Zvu‡K ‡ivMxi †`Lvïbv Kiv, wPwVcÎ †jLv, M‡elYvi KvR
GQvov eB †jLvi R‡b¨ AvbygvwbK cwikªg Ki‡Z nZ|
Ae‡k‡l 1810
mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nj AM©vbb Ae ‡gwWwmb| GB AM©vbb‡K ejv nq †nvwg&Ic¨w_i evB‡ej| G‡Z
†nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z bxwZ I weavbmg~‡ni we¯—…Z e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| ˆeÁvwbK
we‡klY Avi AKvU¨ hyw³i Dci `vuo Kwi‡q‡Qb Zvui cÖwZwU AwfgZ| G‡Z ‡nvwgIc¨vw_K
g~j exwZi Av‡jvPbv QvovI Ab¨vb¨ wPwKrmv cÖYvjxi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zvi †kªôZ¡
cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb|
AM©vb‡bi cÖ_g
ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ nq 1810 mv‡j| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi RxebKv‡j Gi cvuPwU ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ nq|
cÖwZwU ms¯‹i‡bB wZwb †nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v‡K Av‡iv DbœZ †_‡K DbœZZi i“‡c
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| 1810 mv‡j AM©vbb cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wei“‡× GKvwaK iPbv
cÖKvwkZ nq| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi QqRb Qv‡Îi wei“‡× †eAvBwb Ilya ˆZix I weZi‡Yi Awf‡hvM
Avbv nj| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi QqRb Qv‡Îi wei“‡× †eAvBwb Ilya ˆZix I weZi‡bi Awf‡hvM Avbv
nj| GKRb Qv·K †R‡j †cvov nj, Zvui mg¯— Jla Av¸‡b cywo‡q bó K‡i †djv nj|
wjcwRM
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K‡qKRb Aa¨vcK n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wPš—vavivq AvK…ó n‡q Zvu‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Aa¨vcK c‡` wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡q DV‡jb| wKš‘ wk¶K‡`i GKvsk GB Kv‡R cÖej evav
m„wó Kij| wKš—y Zv‡`i evav`vb m‡Ë¡&I n¨vwbg¨vb‡K e³…Zv †`evi Rb¨ AbygwZ †`Iqv
n‡jv|
Zvui GB e³…Zv
†kvbevi Rb¨ `‡j `‡j QvÎiv G‡m wfo Kij| mK‡jB n¨vwbg¨v‡bi bZzb wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v
mš^‡× Drmvnx, †KŠZznjx | GB mgq divwm mgªvU †b‡cvwjq‡bi †mbvevwnbx ivwkqvi mv‡_
hy‡× civwRZ n‡q †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eû msL¨K ‰mb¨ UvBdvm †iv‡M
Avµvš— n‡qwQj| †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv‡ZB Zv‡`i †iv‡Mi cÖ‡Kvc n«vm bv cvIqvq n¨vwbg¨vb‡K
wPwKrmvi Rb¨ WvKv n‡jv| wZwb weivU msL¨K
ˆmb¨‡K Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B my¯’ K‡i †Zv‡jb| G‡Z Zvui L¨vwZ Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q coj|
Awóªqvi hyeivR-Schwarzenberg c¶vNv‡Z Avµvš—
n‡qwQ‡jb| G¨v‡jvc¨vw_ wPwKrmvq †Kv‡bv DcKvi bv †c‡q, n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wPwKrmv RM‡Z
mybv‡gi K_v ï‡b Zvu‡K wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Ki‡jb| mvgvb¨ my¯’ n‡ZB n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡i g`¨cvb Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| G‡Z n¨vwbg¨vb µz× n‡q Zvui wPwKrmv eÜ
K‡i w`‡jb Ges hyeiv‡Ri wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Avi Zvui cÖvmv‡` †M‡jb bv| Gi K‡qK mßvn
c‡iB hyeivR ü`‡iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q gviv †M‡jb|
GB NUbvq
Awóªqvb‡`i g‡a¨ cÖPÛ †¶v‡fi mÂvi n‡jv| G¨v‡jvc¨vw_K wPwKrmKiv GB my‡hv‡M
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wei“‡× Zxeª fvlvq AvµgY ïi“ Kij Ges hyeiv‡Ri g„Zz¨i Rb¨ mivmwi
n¨vwbg¨vb‡K `vqx Kij| Rvg©vb miKvi n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ilya ˆZixi Dci wb‡lavÁv Rvwi
Kij| 1820 mv‡ji 7 †deª“qvix n¨vwbg¨vb‡K Av`vj‡Z Dcw¯’Z Kiv nj| Av`vjZ Zvui mg¯—
Jlya ˆZix Ges weZi‡Yi Dci wb‡lavÁv Rvwi Kij| KviY wn‡m‡e ejv nj Jla gvby‡li c‡¶
¶wZKi|
n¨vwbg¨vb Gi
Rev‡e ïay ej‡jb, fwel¨rB Gi mwVK wePvi Ki‡e|
mw¤§wjZfv‡e
wPwKrmKiv Zvui we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| Zvu‡K wjcwRM †_‡K ewn¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ m‡Pó
n‡q DVj| n¨vwbg¨vb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Avi Zvui c‡¶ wjcwR‡M _vKv m¤¢e bq| wZwb wbi“cvq
n‡q 1821 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m wjcwRM Z¨vM K‡i wK‡_b kn‡i G‡m evmv Ki‡jb|
‡nvwg&Ic¨vw_i
GB `yw`©‡b n¨vwbg¨v‡bi cv‡k `uvov‡jb wK‡_b kn‡ii wWDK dvw`©bv›`| wZwb wK‡_b
kn‡i ïay evm Kievi AbygwZ bq, wPwKrmv KieviI AbygwZ w`‡jb| n¨vwbg¨vb Zvui Jla
cÖ¯‘Z I wPwKrmv Kievi AbygwZi Rb¨ wWD‡Ki Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡jb, †mB Av‡e`b cix¶vi
fvi coj Av`g g~jv‡ii Dci|
1822 mv‡j n¨vwbg¨vb
cÖKvk Ki‡jb cÖ_g †nvwgIc¨vw_K cwÎKv| Gi K‡qK eQi ci n¨vwbg¨vb cÖKvk Ki‡jb Zvui
†kªó iPbv Chronic
disease; Their nature and Homoeopathic A_©vr cyivZb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv mš^Üxq
cy¯—K| wPwKrmv RM‡Z G GK hyMvš—Kvix ms‡hvRb| cyi‡bv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv mš^‡× Ggb eB
B‡Zvc~‡e© †Kv_vI iwPZ nqwb| wZwb ej‡jb, †mviv(Pasory) wmwdwjm (Syphislis) I mvB‡Kvwmm (Sycosis) gvbe‡`‡ni me©
†iv‡Mi KviY| G‡`i g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v ¶wZKviK kw³ n‡jv †mviv|
Zuvi Awfg‡Zi
wei“‡× Zxeª Av‡jvob m„wó nj| GgbwK n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wKQz QvÎ AbyMvgxI Zvui wei“×vPiY
K‡i Zvui m‡½ mg¯— m¤úK© wQbœ Kij| Zv m‡Z¡I eû wPwKrmK Abyfe Ki‡Z cvi‡jb
n«vwbg¨v‡bi iPbvi ¸i“Z¡| K‡qKRb weL¨vZ †nvwgIc¨vw_K wk¶vi Rb¨ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY Ki‡jb| Av‡gwiKv †_‡K G‡jb Wv. K݇U›UvBb †nwis, Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K Avm‡jb
Wv³vi KzBb| Guiv mK‡jB wb‡Ri †`‡k †nvwgIc¨vw_K cÖPvi-cÖmv‡ii D‡jL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv
wb‡qwQ‡jb|
1830 mv‡j
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi ¯¿x †nbwi‡qUv 67 eQi eq‡m gviv †M‡jb| wZwb 11wU mš—v‡bi Rbbx|
¯¿x Afve,
Kb¨v‡`i fv‡jvevmv Avi h‡Zœ fy‡j †M‡jb n¨vwbg¨vb| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi L¨vwZ cÖwZcwË
Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q cowQj †ivMx †`‡L cÖPzi A_©I DcvR©b Ki‡Zb| GB mgq n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
Rxe‡b Gj bZzb emš—| wZwb ZLb 80 eQ‡ii e„×|
1834 mv‡ji 8B
A‡±vei GK my›`ix hyeZx gv`vg †gjvbx Pg©‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Kv‡Q
G‡jb| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi mv‡_ mv¶v‡Zi mgq Zvui eqm 35 eQi| †gjvwb wQ‡jb wkíx Kwe|
eq‡mi weivU e¨eavb _vKv m‡Ë¡&I `yR‡b `yR‡bi e¨w³Z¡ cÖwZfvq gy» n‡jb| 1835
mv‡ji 1 jv Rvbyqvix `yR‡bi we‡q n‡q †Mj| †gjvwb n¨vwbg¨vb‡K d«v‡Ý wb‡q †M‡jb|
miKvix fv‡e Zvu‡K Wv³vwi Kievi AbygwZ †`Iqv n‡jv|
Rxe‡bi
Awš—gc‡e© G‡m n¨vwbg¨vb †c‡jb Rxebe¨vcx msMÖv‡gi cyi¯‹vi, L¨vwZ,mb¥vb,hk,mybvg,
Avivg,A_©, mvsmvwiK myL|
88 eQ‡i cv
w`‡jb n¨vwbg¨vb| †`‡ni kw³ K‡g G‡mwQj| wKš—y g‡bi kw³ GZUzKz n«vm cvqwb| mvgvb¨
Amy¯’ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb,Ae‡k‡l 1843 mv‡ji 2iv RyjvB †kliv‡Z c„w_ex †_‡K wPiwe`vq
wb‡jb †nvwgIc¨vw_i RbK gnvZ¥v n¨vwbg¨vb|
16
G¨vWjd
wnUjvi
[Adlof Hitler]
[wLªóc~e©-1889-1945
]
wnUjv‡ii Rb¥
1889 mv‡ji 20 GwcÖj Awóªqv e¨v‡fwiqvi gvSvgvwS eªbD bv‡g kn‡ii cÖvš— GjvKvq|
evev miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b mvgvb¨ PvKwi KiZ| hv Avq KiZ Zvi wZb cZœx Avi Zv‡`i
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i `y‡ejv Lvevi msKzjvbB nZ bv|
wnUjvi wQ‡jb
Zvi evevi Z…Zxq ¯¿xi mš—vb| Qq eQi eq‡m ¯’vbxq A‰eZwbK ¯‹z‡j fwZ© n‡jb|
†Q‡j‡ejv †_‡KB wnUjvi wQ‡jb GK¸‡q, †R`x Avi iMPUv| mvgvb¨ e¨vcv‡iB †i‡M DV‡Zb|
AKvi‡Y wk¶K‡`i m‡½ ZK© Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ covïbvi †P‡q Zv‡K †ewk AvK…ó KiZ Qwe AvuKv|
hLbB mgq †c‡Zb KvMR †cwÝj wb‡q Qwe AvuK‡Zb|
GMv‡iv eQi eq‡m
wVK Ki‡jb, Avi covïbv bq, Gevi cy‡ivcywi Qwe AvuKv‡ZB g‡bv‡hvMx n‡eb| evevi
B”Qv wQj †Q‡j ¯‹z‡ji covïbv †kl K‡i †Kv‡bv KvRKg© RywU‡q †b‡e| evevi B‡”Qi
wei“‡×B ¯‹zj †Q‡o w`‡jb wnUjvi| ¯’vbxq GK AvU© ¯‹z‡j fwZ©i †Póv Ki‡jb| wKš‘
fwZ© cix¶vq DËx©Y n‡Z cvi‡jb bv| GKUv †emiKvwi ¯‹z‡j fwZ© n‡jb| wKš‘ K‡qK gvm
ci A‡_©i Afv‡e ¯‹zj †Q‡o w`‡jb| gv gviv †M‡j msmv‡ii me eÜb wQbœ n‡q †Mj| fvM¨
A‡š^l‡Y †ewi‡q co‡jb wnUjvi| wf‡qbv‡Z P‡j G‡jb| wf‡qbv‡Z G‡m wZwb cÖ_‡g gRy‡ii
KvR Ki‡Zb| KL‡bv gvj eB‡Zb| Gci is wewµ Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| wf‡qbv‡Z _vKvi mg‡q
Zvi g‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_g †R‡M I‡V Bû`x we‡Øl| ZLb Rvg©vwbi AwaKvsk
KjKviLvbv,msev`c‡Îi gvwjK wQj Bû`xiv| †`‡ki A_©bxwZi A‡bKLvwbB Zviv wbqš¿Y KiZ|
wnUjvi wKQz‡ZB gvb‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv, Rvg©bv †`‡k e‡m Bû`xiv Rvgv©b‡`i Dc‡i cÖfyZ¡
Ki‡e|
1912 mv‡j wZwb
wf‡qbv †Q‡o G‡jb wgDwb‡L| `ytL-Kó Avi †eu‡P _vKevi msMÖv‡g Av‡iv `y‡Uv eQi †K‡U
†Mj| 1914 mv‡j ïi“ nj cÖ_g wek¦hy×| wnUjvi ˆmwbK wn‡m‡e hy‡× †hvM w`‡jb| GB
hy‡× mvnm I exi‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡jI †Kv‡bv c`‡bœvwZ nqwb|
hy× †kl n‡jv |
†`k Ry‡o †`Lv w`j nvnvKvi Avi wek„•Ljv | Zvi g‡a¨ gv_vPvov w`‡q DVj wewfbœ
wecex `j, wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j| G‡`i Dci †Mvqv›`vwMwo Kievi Rb¨ wnUjvi‡K wb‡qvM
Ki‡jb KZ…©c¶|
‡mB mgq cÖavb
ivR‰bwZK `j wQj †jevi cvwU©| wZwb †mB cvwU©i m`m¨ n‡jb| Aíw`‡bB cvKvcvKxfv‡e
cvwU©‡Z wb‡Ri ¯’vb K‡i wb‡jb wnUjvi| GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B wZwb n‡jb cvwU© cÖavb| `‡ji
bZzb bvg ivLv nj b¨vkjvb IqvK©vm cvwU©| cieZx©Kv‡j GB `j‡KB ejv nZ b¨vrmx
cvwU©|
1920 mv‡ji 24†k
†deª“qvix cÖ_g b¨vrmx `‡ji mfv WvKv nj| G‡ZB wnUjvi cÖKvk Ki‡jb Zvi cuwPk `dv
`vwe|
Gici wnUjvi
cÖKvk Ki‡jb ¯^w¯—Kv wPühy³ `‡ji cZvKv| µgkB b¨vrmx `‡ji RbwcÖqZv evo‡Z _v‡K|
wZb eQ‡ii g‡a¨B `‡ji m`m¨ nj cÖvq 56000| GB `j Rvg©vb ivRbxwZ‡Z GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
fywgKv MÖnY Kij|
wnUjvi
†P‡qwQ‡jb wgDwb‡L Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivR‰bZxK `‡ji Aw¯—Z¡ †hb bv _v‡K| GB mgq Zvi
cwiKwíZ GK ivR‰bwZK lohš¿ e¨_© nj| cywj‡ki nv‡Z aiv co‡jb| Zv‡K GK eQ‡ii Rb¨
j¨vÛmev‡M©i cyi‡bv `y‡M© ew›` K‡i ivLv nj|
‡Rj †_‡K gyw³
†c‡q Avevi ivR‰bwZK Kv‡R Svuwc‡q co‡jb| Zvi DMÖ ¯úó gZev`, ewjô e³e¨ Rvgv©b‡`i
AvK…ó Kij| `‡j `‡j hyeKiv Zvi `‡ji m`m¨ n‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| mg¯— †`‡k RbwcÖq †bZv
n‡q DV‡jb wnUjvi|
1933 mv‡ji
wbe©vP‡b wecyj †fvU †c‡jb wKš‘ msL¨vMwiôZv †c‡jb bv| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui 647 wUi g‡a¨
Zvi `‡ji Avmb wQj 288| eyS‡Z cvi‡jb ¶gZv AR©b Ki‡Z †M‡j Ab¨ c_ a‡i AMÖmi n‡Z
n‡e|
‡Kvb `j msL¨vMwiô
bv nIqvq wnUjvi cvj©v‡g›U †f‡½ w`‡jb| Gevi ¶gZv `L‡ji Rb¨ ïi“ nj Zvi N„Y¨
ivR‰bwZK Pµvš—| we‡ivax‡`i A‡b‡KB Lyb n‡jb| A‡b‡K wg_¨v Awf‡hv‡M †R‡j †Mj|
we‡ivax `‡ji g‡a¨ wb‡Ri `‡ji †jvK cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q `‡ji g‡a¨ wek„•Ljv ˆZwi Ki‡jb|
Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B we‡ivax c¶‡K cÖvq wbwðü K‡i w`‡q wnUjvi n‡q DV‡jb ïay b¨vrmx `‡ji
bq, mg¯— Rvg©vwbi fvM¨weavZv|
wnUjv‡ii GB
DÌv‡bi wcQ‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQj Bû`x‡`i wei“‡× Zvi cÖPvi| wZwbB
Rvg©vb‡`i g‡a¨ Bû`x we‡Ø‡li exR‡K †ivcY K‡iwQ‡jb| †`k †_‡K Bû`x weZvobB wQj Zvi
bvrmx evwnbxi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
‡`‡k mKj cÖv‡š—
Bû`x we‡Øl gv_vPvov w`‡q DVj| ïi“ nj Zv‡`i Dci jyUZvivR nZ¨v| wnUjvi †P‡qwQ‡jb
GBfv‡e Bû`x‡`i †`k †_‡K weZvob Ki‡eb| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv gvbylB wb‡Ri Avkªq¯’j Z¨vM
Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
1935 mv‡j bZzb
AvBb Pvjy Ki‡jb wnUjvi| Zv‡Z †`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv nj, ‡Rw›Uj Avi
Ry| †Rw›Uj A_©vr Rvg©vb, ZvivB LvuwU Avi Ry nj Bû`xiv| Zviv ïaygvÎ Rvg©vb †`‡ki
emevmKvix, G‡`‡ki bvMwiK bq| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡`i †`k †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z n‡e| ‡`k Ry‡o
Rvg©vb‡`i g‡a¨ M‡o †Zvjv nj Zxeª Bû`x we‡Ølx g‡bvfve|
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×
civR‡qi ci BD‡iv‡ci wgÎc¶ I Rvg©vb‡`i g‡a¨ †h fvmv©B Pzw³ n‡qwQj Zv‡Z cÖK…Zc‡¶
Rvgv©wbi mg¯— ¶gZv‡K mxgve× K‡i †djv n‡qwQj| 1933 mv‡j wnUjvi ¶gZvq Avmevi ci
†_‡KB Rvg©vwbi üZ †MŠie cybi“×vi Kievi msKí MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GK G‡K fvm©vB Pzw³i
kZ©¸wj gvb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Ri kw³ ¶gZv we¯—v‡i g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q D‡Vb|
1934 mv‡j
wnUjvi ivóªcwZi cwie‡Z© wb‡R‡K Rvgv©wbi dz‡qivi wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| Aíw`‡bi
g‡a¨B wb‡R‡K †`‡ki Awemsevw`Z †bZv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwóZ Ki‡jb| Zvi GB mvd‡j¨i g~‡j
wQj RbMY‡K DÏxwcZ Kievi ¶gZv| wZwb †`‡ki cÖv‡š— cÖv‡š— Ny‡i Ny‡i RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q
ej‡Zb fqven †eKvi‡Z¡i K_v, `vwi‡`&ªi K_v, bvbvb Afve-Awf‡hv‡Mi K_v|
wnUjvi Zvi mg¯—
¶gZv wb‡qvM Ki‡jb †`‡ki mvgwiK kw³ e„wׇZ| Zvi mn‡hvMx n‡jb K‡qK Rb my`¶
†mbvbvqK Ges cÖPviwe`| †`‡ki wewfbœ mxgvš— cÖ‡`‡ki wekvj ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek Ki‡jb|
wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ mwÜi Pzw³ f½ K‡i ivBbj¨vÛ AwaKvi Ki‡jb| Awóªqv I BZvwj HK¨m~‡Î
Ave× nj Rvg©vwbi mv‡_|
BZvwji
me©vwabvqK wQ‡jb gy‡mvwjbx| GKw`‡K BZvwji d¨vwmev`x kw³ Ab¨w`‡K b¨vrmx Rvgv©wb
wek¦R‡qi AvKv•¶vq D¤§Ë n‡q D‡V| BZvwj cÖ_‡g Avj‡ewbqv I c‡i Bw_Iwcqvi †ek wKQz
Ask `Lj K‡i †bq|
Ae‡k‡l wnUjvi
†cvjv‡Ûi Kv‡Q WvbwRM I †cvwjk KwiWi `vwe Ki‡jb, hv‡Z GB A‡j ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek NUv‡Z
cv‡ib| †cvjv‡Ûi miKvi Zvi GB `vex mivmwi cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡jb| †cvjv‡Ûi aviYv wQj
wnUjvi Zvi †`k AvµgY Ki‡j BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨ me kw³ Zvi mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Avm‡e| Zv‡`i
mw¤§wjZ kw³i mvg‡b Rvg©vb evwnbx civwRZ n‡e|
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i
GKwU eo KviY Rvg©vwbi mvgwiK kw³ mš^‡× BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨ me †`‡ki mwVK avibvi Afve|
Avi GKwU eo KviY Bsj¨vÛ I d«vÝ cÖ_g ch©v‡q wb‡R‡`i wbivcËvi Rb¨ wnUjvi I gy‡mvwjbxi
wei“‡× †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvqwb| ZvQvov weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x †P¤^viwj‡bi aviYv
wQj wnUjv‡ii ¶gZv ïaygvÎ cÖPv‡ii g‡a¨B mxgve× | ZvQvov †mB mgq BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ
iv‡óªi Kv‡Q Rvg©vwbi †P‡q eo kµz wQj KwgDwbó ivwkqv| hLb wek¦hy‡×i mg¯— kZ© f½
K‡i Rvg©vbiv wb‡R‡`i kw³ e„w× K‡i PjwQj ZLb Bsj¨vÛ d«v݇K Zv‡`i evav ‡`Iqvi
cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ibwb| Dciš‘ wnUjvi‡K bvbvb my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj|
BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ
†`‡ki GB myweavev`x bxwZi my‡hvM cy‡ivcywi MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb wnUjvi| wek¦R‡qi ¯^‡cœ
gË n‡q 1jv †m‡Þ¤^i 1939 mv‡j Rvg©vb evwnbx †cvjvÛ AvµgY Kij Ges GB w`bwU †_‡KB
ïi“ ni wØZxq wek¦hy×|
gvÎ c‡b‡iv w`‡b
Rvg©vb evwnbx ‡cvjv‡Ûi †mbvevwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i †cvjvÛ AwaKvi Kij| Zvici ïi“ nj
Rvg©vb evwnbxi AvµgY| †cvjv‡Ûi ci wnUjvi `Lj Ki‡jb biI‡q I †WbgvK©| biI‡q‡Z
weivU msL¨K weªwUk ˆmb¨ Ae¯’vb KiwQj| Zv‡`i AwaKvskB wbwnZ nj| GB NUbvq weªwUk
cÖavbgš¿x †P¤^viwjb c`Z¨vM Ki‡jb| bZzb cÖavbgš¿x n‡jb PvwP©j| Gevi wnUjvi `„wó
†div‡jb d«v‡Ýi w`‡K| d«vÝ BD‡iv‡ci me©cÖavb kw³| d«vÝ wb‡R‡`i myi¶vi Rb¨ Rvg©vb
mxgv‡š— `y‡f©`¨ e~n¨ m„wó K‡iwQj| hv‡K ejv nj g¨vwR‡bv jvBb| GB g¨vwR‡bv jvBb
AwZµg Kiv cÖvq `ytmva¨ wQj| ZvB Rvg©vbiv †ejwRqvg AvµgY K‡i †mB †`‡ki ga¨ w`‡q
d«v‡Ýi mxgvš— cÖ‡`‡k wM‡q Dcw¯’Z nj| †mvu`vq Zzgyj hy‡×i ci divmx evwnbx civwRZ
nj| divwm‡`i GB wech©‡q myweav †bIqvi Rb¨ BZvwj wb‡R‡K Rvg©vb‡`i wgÎc¶ wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv K‡i hy‡× †hvM w`j| mg¯— BD‡ivc Avwd«Kv Ry‡o Qwo‡q coj wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i
fqven Av¸b| BZvwji ivóªcÖavb gy‡mvwjbx DËi Avwd«Kv AwaKvi Kievi Rb¨ weivU
ˆmb¨`j cvVv‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K wnUjvi d«vÝ AwaKvi Kievi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM Ki‡jb|
wnUjvi AbyMZ d¨vwmó kw³ bZzb ivóªcÖavb wn‡m‡e gvk©vj †cZ¨v‡K wbhy³ Kij| gvk©vj
webv hy‡×B wnUjv‡ii Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡jb|
GKw`‡K hLb
Rvg©vb evwnbx exi `‡c© G‡Ki ci GK †`k AwaKvi K‡i GwM‡q P‡j‡Q, Ab¨ w`‡K †`‡ki Af¨vš—‡i
wnUjvi ïi“ K‡i‡Qb bviKxq Bû`x wbab hÁ| c„w_exi BwZnv‡m G b„ksmZvi †Kvb Zzjbv
†bB| wnUjvi †P‡qwQ‡jb Rvgv©wb †_‡K Bû`x‡`i wbwðü K‡i †dj‡Z| nvRvi nvRvi Bû`x‡K
e›`x Kiv nj| Zv‡`i ejv nZ †Zvgv‡`i Rvg©vwbi evB‡i cvwV‡q †`Iqv n‡e|| Zv‡`i
Mvwo‡Z Pvwc‡q wb‡q hvIqv n‡Zv RbemwZnxb mxgvš— A‡j| GLv‡b Zv‡`i Rb¨ A¯’vqx
e›`xwbevm ˆZix Kiv n‡qwQj| Zv‡K ejv n‡Zv †N‡Uªv| GLv‡b †Kvb Lvevi wQj bv, cvwb
wQj bv, Zvi Dc‡i wQj wnUjv‡ii evwnbxi wbg©g AZ¨vPvi| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B †ekxi fvM
gvbylB gviv coZ| hviv †eu‡P _vKZ Zv‡`i ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nZ| bvrmx evwnbxi nv‡Z bvix,wkï,e„×
Kv‡iv wb¯—vi wQj bv|
nvRvi nvRvi
Bû`x‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z †h weivU cwigvY ¸wj LiP nZ Zv‡Z Rvg©vb KZ…©c¶ wPwš—Z n‡q coj|
wnUjv‡ii Av‡`‡k ˆZix n‡jv M¨vm †P¤^vi| GKUv eo Ni| Pviw`K eÜ, GKmv‡_ `y‡kv Rb‡K
†m N‡i XywK‡q w`‡q `iRv eÜ K‡i Kve©b g‡bvKªvBW M¨vm Qvov nZ| K‡qK wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨
†m welv³ M¨v‡m gviv coZ mevB| Zv‡`i g„Z‡`n¸‡jv mxgvš— A‡j weivU weivU M‡Z©
Quy‡o †djv nZ| wZb eQ‡i wnUjvi cÖvq 60 j¶ Bû`x‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jb| Bû`x‡`i cÖwZ
we‡Øl Avi N„YvB Zv‡K G nZ¨vKv‡Ûi cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡iwQj|
d«v‡Ýi cZ‡bi ci
1941 mv‡ji 22 Ryb mg¯— Pzw³ f½ K‡i wnUjvi ivwkqv AvµgY Ki‡jb| wnUjvi †f‡ewQ‡jb
ivwkqv AwaKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡j mgMÖ BD‡ivc Zvi c`vbZ n‡e| †b‡cvwjq‡bi gZ ivwkqv AvµgY
wnUjvi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q eo åvwš—| i“k evwnbx G hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ wQj bv Rvg©vbiv cÖPÛ
MwZ‡Z GwM‡q P‡j g‡¯‹vi w`‡K| ivwkqvi we¯—xY© AÂj AwaKvi Ki‡jI kxZ Avm‡ZB
wech©¯— n‡q coj Rvg©vbiv| Zviv wcQz nU‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij|
G my‡hv‡M i“k
†Mwijv evwnbx AvNvZ nvb‡Z _v‡K| kxZ †kl n‡Z Rvg©vbiv bZzb D`¨g GwM‡q P‡j|
ivwkqvi `w¶‡Y K‡Kkvm ˆZj‡¶Î eû mn AÂj `Lj K‡i †bq| Zviv ivwkqvi ivRavbx †g¯‹vi
cÖv‡š— G‡m †cŠQvq wKš—y i“k evwnbx giYcY msMÖvgK‡i Rvg©vb‡`i civwRZ K‡i|
GKw`‡K hLb
ivwkqvi mv‡_ hy× P‡j‡Q, †Rbv‡ij †iv‡gj wnUjv‡ii wb‡`©‡k Avwd«Kvq Av‡iKwU d«›U
Lyj‡jb| GKmv‡_ GZ¸‡jv d«›U bv †Ljvi Rb¨ A‡b‡K wnUjvi‡K civgk© w`‡jI wek¦R‡qi
¯^cœ wnUjvi ZLb GgbB, Kv‡iviB †Kvb Dc‡`k MÖnY Ki‡jb bv|
BD‡ivc Ry‡o hLb
hy× Pj‡Q, Gwkqv, Rvcvb Rvg©vwbi c‡¶ hy‡× †hvM w`j| Zviv 7 wW‡m¤^i 1942 mv‡j
Av‡gwiKvI cÖZ¨¶fv‡e hy‡× Rwo‡q coj|
cÖ_g w`‡K Rvg©vb
evwnbx me©Î Rqjvf Ki‡jI wgÎkw³ hLb mw¤§wjZfv‡e hy× Avi¤¢ Kij, wnUjv‡ii evwnbx
wcQz nU‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| Avwd«Kvq Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ g›U †Mvgwi †iv‡gj‡K civwRZ Ki‡jb|
GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Avwd«Kv †_‡K Rvg©vb evwnbx‡K weZvwoZ Kiv nj| BZvwj‡Z gy‡mvwjbx‡K
e›`x Kiv n‡jv| d¨vwmwe‡ivax RbMb Zv‡K cÖKvk¨ iv¯—vq nZ¨v Kij|
Rvg©vb evwnbxi
me‡P‡q eo civRq nj ivwkqvi óvwjbMÖv‡`| `xN© Qq gvm hy‡×i ci jvj ‡dŠ‡Ri Kv‡Q
AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z eva¨ nj Rvg©vbx evwnbx|
me©ÎB hLb
civRq, wb‡Ri AnwgKvi hZLvwb Db¥³ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb wnUjvi, wgÎkw³‡K mvgvb¨Zg ¸i“Z¡
w`‡Zb bv| wbwðZ civRq eyS‡Z †c‡i Zvi A‡bK †mbvcwZ Zv‡K nZ¨v Kivi lohš¿ K‡i|
`yf©vM¨ekZ Zv‡`i me †Póv e¨_© nq|
wnUjvi µgkB
m½xmv_x‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q co‡Z _v‡Kb| mK‡ji cÖwZ wek¦vm nvwi‡q †d‡jb|
†ewkifvM mgqB ev¼v‡i _vK‡Zb| †mLvb †_‡KB cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k w`‡Zb| G mgq Zvi
GKgvÎ m½x wQj ‡cÖwgKv Bfv eªvDb| Bfv wnjvi‡K Mfxifv‡e fvjevm‡Zb| wbwðZ g„Zz¨
†R‡bI wnUjvi‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡ibwb|
wnUjvi wQ‡jb GK
weK…Z gvbwmKZvi wkKvi| wZwb ¯^cœ †`L‡Zb mg¯— c„w_ex n‡e Zvi mrmvnmx evwnbxi
c`vbZ| wb‡Ri ¯^cœ‡K c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Rvg©vb evwnbx‡K M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| wb‡R Aí
wkw¶Z n‡qI Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb hy‡× weÁv‡bi Dc‡hvwMZv| ZvB ïay my`¶ ˆmb¨evwnbx M‡o
†Zv‡jb wb| Zvi wb‡`©‡k weÁvbxiv D™¢veb K‡iwQj me©vaywbK mgiv¯¿|
AmvaviY msMVb
kw³, eyw× e¨w³Z¡ _vKv m‡Ë¡I wnjv‡ii aŸs‡mi KviY Zvi D”PvO¶v, Zvi AnwgKv,
i³wccvmy `vb‡e gvbeRvwZ‡K aesm Kivi B”Qv|
1944 mv‡j jvj
†dŠR ¯^‡`kf~wg †_‡K Rvg©vb evwnbx‡K m¤ú~Y© DrLvZ K‡i G‡Ki ci GK AwaK…Z †cvj¨vÛ,
i“gvwbqv, eyj‡Mwiqv, nv‡½ix,†P‡KvkvfvwKqv gy³ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Rvg©vb f~L‡Û G‡m cÖ‡ek
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iR Avi Av‡gwiKvb ˆmb¨ivI Rvg©vwbi Awfgy‡L GwM‡q P‡j|
hZB Pviw`K †_‡K
civR‡qi msev` Avm‡ZB _v‡K, wnUjvi Db¥v‡`i g‡Zv n‡q D‡Vb| 1945 mv‡ji 29GwcÖj
wnUjv‡ii †kl fimv Zvi †óB‡bi ˆmb¨evwnbx weaŸ¯— n‡q hvq| Zvi AwaKvsk m½x Zv‡K
cwiZ¨vM K‡i wgÎc‡¶i Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc‡Y©i cÖ¯—ve cvVvq|
wnUjvi eyS‡Z
cv‡ib Zvi me ¯^cœ wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ †kl n‡q wM‡q‡Q| evwj©‡bi cÖv‡š— i“k evwnbxi
Kvgv‡bi MR©b †kvbv hv‡”Q| wnUjvi Zvi 12 eQ‡ii mw½bx Bfv‡K evwj©b †Q‡o cvwj‡q
hvevi cÖ¯—ve †`b| wKš‘ Bfv Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| `yR‡b †m w`bB we‡q
K‡ib|
we‡qi ci wnUjvi
Dcw¯’Z m½x‡`i mv‡_ k¨v‡¤úb cvb Ki‡jb| Zvici `ywU wPwV wjL‡jb| GKwU me wKQzi Rb¨
Bû`x‡`i Awfhy³ Ki‡jb| Ab¨ wPwV‡Z wb‡Ri me m¤úwË cvwU©‡K `vb K‡i †M‡jb|
30 GwcÖj 1945|
Pviw`K †_‡K evwj©b Ae‡iva K‡i †d‡j jvj †dŠR| wnUjvi eyS‡Z cv‡ib Avi A‡c¶v Kiv
DwPZ bq| †h †Kvb g~û‡Z© jvj †dŠR G‡m Zv‡K ew›` Ki‡Z cv‡i| wZwb Zvi WªvBfvi I
Av‡iv GKRb‡K ej‡jb, g„Zz¨i ci †hb Zv‡`i Ggbfv‡e †cvov‡bv nq, †`‡ni †Kvb Ask †hb
Aewkó bv _v‡K|
we‡Kj wZbUv
‡ZwÎk wgwb‡U wZwb wb‡Ri Ni †_‡K †ei n‡q Zvi cvk¦©Pi‡`i mv‡_ Kig`©b K‡i wb‡Ri
N‡i XyK‡jb| ZviciB ¸wji kã †kvbv †Mj| wnUjvi wb‡Ri gy‡Li g‡a¨ ¸wj K‡i AvZ¥nZ¨v
Ki‡jb| Aek¨ Bfv Av‡MB wel †L‡qwQ‡jb|
17
Aveyj
Avwj Beb wmbv
[Abu Ali Ibna Sina]
[wLªóc~e©-980-1037
]
wZwb AvbygvwbK
980 wLªóv‡ãi †m‡Þ¤^‡i †evLvivi Avd‡mbv kn‡i GKwU miKvix Kg©Pvixi N‡i Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| ¯’vbwU eZ©gv‡b DR‡ewK¯’v‡bi Aš—©MZ| wcZvi bvg Ave`vjv Ges gv wmZviv|
Avey-Be‡b wmbv ga¨hy‡Mi GK eo we¯^q|
Zvui cyiv bvg
Avey Avwj †nv‡mb Beb Ave`yjv
nvmvb Avwj wmbv| ms‡¶‡c ejv nq Beb wmbv ev Avwe‡mbv|
Be‡b wmbv
wPwKrmvweÁvbx wn‡m‡eB RMr‡Rvov mybvg AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui †jLv wPwKrmv welqK
MÖš’ ÔÔAvj Kvbyb wd Lve wUeŸÕÕ-‡K `xN©Kvj BD‡ivc wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨
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wn›`y ag© cÖm‡½ e³…Zv w`‡q wb‡R‡K wbe„Ë iv‡Lbwb| cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvq hv wKQz †kªô ¸Y
Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Z m‡Pó n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb †`‡LwQ‡jb Zv‡`i weÁv‡b AMÖMwZ| ZvB wZwb
wj‡LwQ‡jb cÖv‡P¨‡K wb‡Z n‡e cÖv‡P¨i Ava¨vwZ¥K Ávb| GB `y-Gi m‡b¥j‡bB M‡o DV‡e
cÖK…Z mf¨Zv|
cÖvq `y eQi
wZwb Av‡gwiKv‡Z wQ‡jb| †mLvbKvi eo eo kn‡i Ny‡i Ny‡i wZwb e³…Zv w`‡Zb| Zvui GB
e³…Zvq Av‡gwiKvi wkw¶Z gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨ wecyj mvov RvwM‡qwQj| eû gvbyl Zvui f³ n‡q
D‡V| wKš‘ fviZxq I wLªóvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi wKQz RvwM‡qwQj| eû gvbyl Zvui f³ n‡q D‡V|
wKš‘ fviZxq I wLªóvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi wKQz gvbyl Zvui K¨vwZ cÖfv‡e Cl©vwš^Z n‡q I‡V|
Zvuiv ¯^vgxRx‡K bvbvfv‡e †nq cÖwZcbœ Kivi †Pó K‡ib| wKš‘ †kl ch©š— Zvu‡`i mKj
cÖ‡Póv e¨_© nq| Av‡gwiKvq _vKvi mgq wgm †nbwi‡qUv gyjvi bv‡g GK Bs‡iR gwnjvi
Avgš¿‡Y 1895 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û G‡m †cŠQ‡jb| K‡qK gvm c‡iB Avevi
Av‡gwiKvq †h‡Z nq| Pvi gvm ci cybivq wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û wd‡i Av‡mb| cÖvq mvZ gvm
Bsj¨v‡Û wQ‡jb| GB Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B wZwb Af~Zc~e© L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| GLv‡bB cwiPq nq
gvM©v‡i‡Ui mv‡_| whwb cieZx©Kv‡j nj ¯^vgxRxi wcÖq wkl¨ fMœx wb‡ew`Zv|
Bsj¨v‡Ûi A‡bK
RvqMvq Avwg Ggb eû †jv‡Ki mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡mwQ hviv ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i cÖwZ Mfxi kª×v I
fw³ kª×v †cvlY Ki‡Zb| mZ¨ e‡U Avwg Zvui m¤cÖ`vqfy³ bB Z_vwc Avgv‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z
n‡e we‡eKvb‡›`i cÖfve¸‡bB Bsj¨v‡Û GLvbKvi AwaKvsk †jvK AvRKvj wek¦vm K‡i †h
cÖvPxb wn›`y kv¯¿¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we¯§qKi Ava¨vwZ¥K ZË¡ wbwnZ Av‡Q|
1896 mv‡ji 16B
wW‡m¤^i wZwb fvi‡Zi w`‡K hvÎv ïi“ Ki‡jb| `xN© Pvi eQ‡ii we‡`k ågY †kl nj|
ÔÔGevi †K›`ª fviZel©ÕÕ| 1897 mv‡ji 15B Rvbyqvix wZwb Kj‡¤^vq †cŠQvb|
¯^vgxRx ïaygvÎ
cÖv‡P¨i evYx‡K BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKvq Zz‡j a‡i †`‡ki mb¥vb e„w× K‡ibwb Zvui GB HwZnvwmK
mvd‡j¨ fviZe‡l©i gvbyl wd‡i †c‡qwQj Zv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm Avi AvZ¥gh©v`v| hyM hyM
a‡i civaxbZv Awk¶Aq Avi `vwi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨ fviZe‡l©i gvbyl nvwi‡q ‡d‡jwQj wb‡R‡K|
†mB w`‡b ZvuiB Aby‡cÖiYvq fviZe‡l©i gvbyl wb‡R‡K bZzbfv‡e Avwe¯‹vi Kij| 20 †k
Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvq G‡m †cŠQ‡jb ¯^vgxRx| †mB w`b mg¯— KjKvZv DËvj n‡q D‡VwQj|
KjKvZv Z_v fviZe‡l©i gvbyl †bB w`b Zv‡`i Aš—‡ii me kª×v fvjevmv DRvio K‡iwQj
¯^vgxRxi c`cÖv‡š—|
‡`‡k wd‡i G‡mI
wekªvg †bevi †Kvb AeKvk †c‡jb bv ¯^vgxRx| wZwb wb‡RI Rvb‡Zb †`‡ki gvbyl‡K
RvwM‡q †ZZvjevi Rb¨ †h ¸i“`vwqZ¡ wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, †mLv‡b wekªvg †bevi gZ †Kvb
AeKvk †bB| wZwb †`‡ki hyemgvR‡K Avnevb K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb ,ÔÔ Avwg †Zvgv‡`i wbKU GB
Mwie AÁv AZ¨vPvi cxwoZ‡`i Rb¨ mnvbyf~wZ, GB cÖvYcY †Pó v `vq¯^i“c Ac©Y Kwi‡ZwQ|
†Zvgiv mviv Rxeb GB wÎk †KvwU fviZevmxi D×v‡ii eªZ MÖnY Ki-Avwg m~Pbv KwiqvwQ,
†Zvgiv m¤ú~Y© Ki|ÕÕ
RvZxq Kj¨v‡Yi
GB Av`k©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wZwb †`‡ki Zi“Y m¤cÖ`v‡qi mvg‡b Kg©‡hv‡Mi evYx‡K cÖPvi
Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Ges GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU †K›`ªxq g‡Vi| †hLvb †_‡K ïay wZwb
bb, Zvui wkl¨ivI mbœ¨vm‡hvM I Kg©‡hv‡Mi mgnvb evYx‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡e
†`k-we‡`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q|
1897 mv‡j 1jv
†g ejivg emyi evwo‡Z ¯^vgxRxi Avnev‡b kªxivgK…‡òi f³ I mbœ¨vmxiv mK‡j wgwjZ
n‡jb| ¯^vgxRx ej‡jb, ÔÔ bvbvb †`k Ny‡i Avgvi aviYv n‡q‡Q m•N e¨ZxZ †Kvb eo KvR
n‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖwZwôZ nj ivgK…ò wgkb| ejv nj ÔÔ gvb‡ei wnZv‡_© kªx kªx ivgK…ò †h
mKj ZË¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb I †h Kv‡h© Zvunvi Rxeb cÖwZcvw`Z nBqv‡Q, Zvnvi cÖPv‡i Ges
gby‡l¨i ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK I cvigvw_©K DbœwZK‡í hvnv‡Z †mB mKj ZË¡ cÖhy³ nB‡Z cv‡i
ZØwel‡q mvnvh¨ Kiv GB wgk‡bi D‡Ïk¨|
M½vi Zx‡i
†ejy‡o Rwg †Kbv nj| GLv‡bB 1898 mv‡ji 9B wW‡m¤^i kªxgvgK…ò gV ¯’vwcZ nj|
we‡eKvb›` mg¯— AvÂwjKZvi D‡aŸ© D‡V ivgK…ò wgkb‡K me©fviZxq cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¯’vcb
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| ¯^vgxRxi f³ wg‡mm Iwj eyj I wgm †nbwi‡qUv g~jv‡ii cÖ`Ë A‡_©B
†ejyo g‡Vi Rwg †Kbv nq I feb wbg©vY Kiv nq| GB mgq ¯^vgxRx‡K AK¬vš— cwikªg Ki‡Z
nZ| µgkB Zvui kixi †f‡½ cowQj| gv‡S gv‡SB Amy¯’ n‡q cowQ‡jb| wPwKrm‡Ki wb‡`©‡k
`vwR©wjs †M‡jb|
1898 mv‡j KjKvZvq
†cM †`Lv w`j| ¯^vgxRx Qz‡U G‡jb KjKvZvq wkl¨‡`i wb‡q ïi“ Ki‡jb Amy¯’ gvby‡li
†mev| ivgK…‡òi wkeÁv‡b Rxe †mevq Av`k© g~Z© n‡q DVj ¯^vgxRxi g‡a¨ 1899 mv‡ji 20
†k Ryb ¯^vgxRx wØZxqev‡ii Rb¨ BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKv åg‡Y evi n‡jb| GB evi Zvui mv‡_
wQ‡jb ¯^vgx Zzwiqv›` I Zvui gvbmKb¨v wb‡ew`Zv| me©ÎB wZwb c~wRZ n‡q‡Qb
fviZe‡l©i GK gnvb gvbe wn‡m‡e| wZwb cvðv‡Z¨i gvby‡li Kv‡Q Dcwbl‡`i evYx‡KB bZzb
K‡i cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ej‡jb, gvby‡li Aš—‡i †h †`eZ¡ Av‡Q Zv‡K RvwM‡q †ZvjvB
gvbyl¨‡Z¡i †kªô ag©| Bsj¨vÛ Av‡gwiKv QvovI c¨vwim wf‡qbv G‡_Ý wgki ågY †kl K‡i
9B wW‡m¤^i 1900mv‡j †ejyo g‡V wd‡i G‡jb|
1901 mv‡ji 6B
†deª“qvix †ejyo g‡Vi Uªvó WxW †iwRwóª nq| 10B †deª“qvwi g‡Vi Uªvóx‡`i me©mb¥wZµ‡g
¯^vgx eªþvb` ivgK…ò gV I wgk‡bi Aa¨¶ Ges ¯^vgx mvi`vb›` mvaviY m¤úv`K nb|
¯^vgxRx g‡Vi
mg¯— KvRKg© †_‡K cÖK…Zc‡¶ wb‡R‡K mwi‡q wb‡q hvb| †KD †Kvb civgk© PvB‡j wZwb
Zv‡`i eyw×gZ KvRKg© Kivi civgk© w`‡Zb|
AZ¨vwaK cwikª‡g
¯^vgxRxi ¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ c‡owQj| ‡ewki fvM mgq a¨vbgMœ n‡q _vK‡Zb| 1902 mv‡ji
Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Rvcvwb cwÛZ Wvt IKveye mv‡_ ey×Mqvq †M‡jb| †mLvb †_‡K Kvkx|
wKQzw`b ci Avevi †ejy‡o wd‡i G‡jb| kixi G‡Kev‡iB †f‡½ c‡owQj|
1902 mv‡ji 3iv
RyjvB ¯^vgxRx Zvui f³-wkl¨‡`i LvIqvi ci wb‡R nvZ ayB‡q w`‡jb| GKRb wR‡Ám Kij
Avgiv wK Avcbvi †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi? ¯^vgxRx ej‡jb, hxïI Zvui wkl¨‡`i cv ayB‡q
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
ciw`b 1901
mv‡ji 4Vv RyjvB ¯^vgxRx mKvj †_‡KB Drdzj wQ‡jb| mK‡ji m‡½ GKmv‡_ †L‡q mܨvi ci
wb‡Ri N‡i a¨v‡b em‡jb| ivZ 9Uv 50wgwb‡U †mB a¨v‡bi g‡a¨B gnvmgvwa‡Z Wy‡e †M‡jb| ZLb
Zvui eqm n‡qwQj gvÎ 39 eQi 6 gvm|
20
Cgvg
Avey nvwbdv
[Imam Abu Hanifa]
[wLªóc~e©-702-772
]
mgv‡Ri AatcZ‡bi
mgq Av‡jvKewZ©Kv wb‡q †h mKj gbxlxiv c„w_exi ey‡K Avwef~©Z n‡qwQ‡jb, cvw_©e
†jvfjvjmv I ¶gZvi †gvn hv‡`i‡K b¨vq I m‡Z¨i Av`k© †_‡K we›`y gvÎ c`öjb NUv‡Z
cv‡iwb; hvuiv Ab¨vq I Am‡Z¨i Kv‡Q gv_v bZ K‡iwb|
Bmjvg I gvby‡li
Kj¨v‡Y mvivUv Rxeb huviv cwikªg K‡i wM‡q‡Qb, mZ¨‡K AvuK‡o _vKvi Kvi‡Y hvuiv
Rv‡jg miKvi KZ©„K AZ¨vPvwiZ,wbcxwoZ,wbh©vwZZ;GgbwK KvivMv‡i wbg©gfv‡e cÖnvwiZ
n‡q‡Qb, Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
Bgvg Avey
nvwbdv (int) DgvBqv wLjvd‡Zi Ggb GK mg‡q c„w_ex‡Z Avwef~©Z n‡qwQ‡jb hLb DgvBqv
Lwjdv‡`i `ytkvmK I ˆk¦ivPvix Kvh©Kjv‡c mgMÖ gymwjg Rvnvb AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q c‡owQj|
Zv‡`i Øviv Ggb me RMY¨ KvR m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj hv wek¦ BwZnv‡m weij| Zv‡`i wbôzi
Kvh©Kjvc †Kej gvÎ bvMwiK‡`i ab-m¤ú` I Rxe‡bi Dci w`‡qB cÖfvwnZ nqwb, bvix RvwZi
gvb-mb¥vb I mZxZ¡ I a~jvq aymwiZ n‡q wM‡qwQj| gnvbexi Av`k© I †Lvjvdv‡q
iv‡k`x‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’v‡K ïay gvÎ f~jywÚZ Kiv nqwb; PZz_© Lwjdv BhiZ Avjx (it)-Gi bv‡g ixwZgZ RygAvÕi bvgv‡h
cÖKvk¨ wg¤^‡i `vuwo‡q Awfkvc el©Y Kiv nZ| wLjvd‡Zi ¯’vb `Lj K‡iwQj ivRZš¿|
AZ¨vPv‡ii g~Z©
cÖZxK, hy‡Mi Awfkvc I Kj¼ BqvwR` Be‡b I nv¾vR web BDmy‡di wbôzi Zievwii AvNv‡Z
mvgvb¨ K_vi R‡b¨ nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb‡`i g¯—K †`n †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv n‡qwQj|
‡jŠn`‡Ûi cÖZv‡c DgvBqv eskxq Lwjdviv Ggb mš¿v‡mi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg K‡iwQj †hLv‡b †Kvb
cÖwZev` †Zv `y‡ii K_v †Kvb cÖKvi ms‡kva‡bi K_v gy‡L D”PviY KivB wQj wb‡Ri g„Zy¨
†W‡K Avbv| Zievwii fq ‡`wL‡q mr Kv‡Ri Av‡`k Ges Amr KvR †_‡K wb‡la Kivi mg¯— c_
eÜ K‡i †`Lv n‡qwQj| GK K_vq DgvBqv eskxq kvmKivI Zv‡`i ee©i MfY©iiv gymwjg Rvnv‡b
wbôziZvi Ggb GK bRxi ¯’vcb K‡iwQj hv c„w_exi BwZnv‡m AvRI weij| wVK Ggwb GK
hyMmwܶ‡Y Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Bmjv‡gi we‡eKx KÚ I Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev`x Bgvg Avey
nvwbdv (ivt)|
D‡jL¨ †h,
DgvBqv eskxq Lwjdv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kej gvÎ Iqvwj` Ges Lwjdv Igi web Ave`yj AvRxR (int)-Gi kvmbKvjB wQj
Bmjvg I e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^Y©hyM| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) 80 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 702
wLªóv‡ã Kzdv bMix‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui Avmj bvg nj byÕgvb| wcZvi bvg mvweZ Ges
gvZvg‡ni bvg RIZv| Zvui evj¨Kv‡ji WvK bvg wQj Avey nvwbdv| wZwb Bgv‡g AvRg bv‡gI
me©vwaK cwiwPZ| Zvui c~e© cyi“liv Biv‡bi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| wcZvgn RIZv Rb¥f~wg
cwiZ¨vM K‡i ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei mg„×kvjx bMi Kzdvq G‡m evm¯’vb wbg©vY K‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e
emevm ïi“ K‡ib|
Bgvg Avey
nvwbdv (int) evj¨Kv‡j †jLvcovi †Kvb my‡hvM cvbwb| KviY ZLb Kzdvq gviIqvbx wLjvd‡Zi
hyM| Ave`yj gv‡jK Be‡b gviIqvb wQ‡jb wLjvd‡Zi cÖavb Ges hy‡Mi Awfkvc, wbôzi I
AZ¨vPvix nv¾vR Be‡b BDmyd wQ‡jb Biv‡Ki kvmbKZ©v| †`‡ki agx©q wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
cÖvq eÜ K‡i †`qv n‡qwQj| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) 14/15 eQi eq‡m GKw`b hLb evRv‡i
hvw”Q‡jb, cw_g‡a¨ ZrKvjxb weL¨vZ Bgvg BhiZ kvdx (int) Zv‡K †`‡L wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, †n
evjK, Zzwg wK †Kv_vI †jLvcov wkL‡Z hv”Q? Dˇi wZwb AwZ `ytwLZ ¯^‡i ej‡jb,ÔÔAvwg
†Kv_vI wkwL bvÕÕ
Bgvg kvdx (int)
ej‡jb,ÔÔAvwg †hb †Zvgvi g‡a¨ cÖwZfvi wPü †`L‡Z cvw”Q| fvj Av‡j‡gi Kv‡Q †Zvgvi
†jLvcov wkLv DwPZ|ÕÕ Bgvg kvÕdx (int) Gi Dc‡`k I Aby‡cÖiYvq Bgvg Avey nvwbdv
(int) I Bgvg Rvdi mvw`K (int)-Gi gZ ZrKvjxb weL¨vZ Av‡jg‡`i Kv‡Q wk¶vjvf K‡ib
Ges Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B KziAvb, nvw`m,wdKv, Bj‡g Kvjvg, Av`e cÖf„wZ wel‡q eyrcwË
jvf K‡ib| Ávb jv‡fi R‡b¨ wZwb g°v, gw`bv, emiv Ges Kzdvi wewfbœ GjvKvq Ae¯’vbiZ
Av‡jg‡`i Kv‡Q cvM‡jb b¨vq Qz‡U wM‡qwQ‡jb| wewfbœ ¯’vb n‡Z nv`x‡mi Ag~j¨ iZœ
msMÖn K‡i ¯^xq ÁvbfvÛvi c~Y© K‡ib| D‡jL¨ †h, wZwb cÖvq Pvi mnmªvwaK Av‡j‡gi
Kv‡Q wk¶v jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| Bgvg gv‡jK (int)-Gi Kv‡QI wZwb nv`xm wk¶vjvf K‡ib|
Bgvg gv‡jK
(int) hw`I eq‡mi w`K †_‡K Zvui †P‡q 13 eQ‡ii †QvU wQ‡jb; Z_vwc Bgvg Avey nvwbdv
(int) Zvu‡K A‡kl mb¥vb Ki‡Zb Ges Bgvg gv‡jK (int) I Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int)-‡K
wk¶‡Ki b¨vq mb¥vb ‡`Lv‡Zb| Avjvni wcÖq ev›`v‡`i Av`e Kvq`v GgbB n‡q _v‡K| wk¶K‡`i cÖwZ Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int)
Gi GZ fw³ kª×v wQj †h, wZwb wb‡RB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb,ÔÔAvgvi wk¶K Bgvg Avn¤§v` (int)
hZw`b RxweZ wQ‡jb ZZw`b Avwg Zvui evoxi
w`‡K cv †g‡j ewmwb| Zvui Kvi‡Y, Avgvi fq n‡Zv wk¶‡Ki cÖwZ Avgvi †eqv`ex
n‡q hvq wKbv|ÕÕ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) Zv‡eqx wQ‡jb| mvnvev‡`i
hyM ZLb cÖvq †kl n‡jI K‡qKRb mvnvex RxweZ wQ‡jb| 102 wnRix‡Z wZwb hLb g`xbv Mgb
K‡ib ZLb g`xbvq `yÕRb mvnvex nhiZ †mvjvBgvb (ivt) I nhiZ mv‡jg Be‡b myjvBgvb (ivt) RxweZ wQ‡jb Ges
Avey nvwbdv (it) Zvu‡`i `k©b jvf K‡ib| wKš‘ A‡b‡Ki g‡Z wZwb †Kvb mvnvexi `k©b cvbwb|
Z‡e Zv‡eÕZv‡eqx nevi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb g‡Zvwe‡iva †bB|
Bgvg Avey nvwbd (int)-Gi wk¶Kiv cÖvq mevB wQ‡jb
Zv‡eqx| d‡j nvw`m msMÖ‡ni e¨vcv‡i Zvui GKwU
ga¨¯’Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nZ| ZvB Zvui msM„nxZ nv`xm mg~n m¤ú~Y© Qnxn e‡j
cÖgvYxZ n‡q‡Q| Zvdmxi I nvw`m kv‡¯¿ Zvui AmvaviY AwfÁZv I cvwÛZ¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I
wdKvn& kv‡¯¿B wZwb me©vwaK L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †KviAvb, nvw`m,BRgv I
wKqv‡mi wfwˇZ wewea wel‡q Bmjvgx AvBb¸‡jv‡K e¨vcK I cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i cÖvq `yB Z…Zxqvsk gymjgvb nvbvdx gvRnv‡ei Abymvix| wdKvn
kv‡¯¿ Zvui AK¬vš— cwikªg I Ae`v‡bi R‡b¨B gymwjg RvwZ m‡Z¨i mÜvb Abvqv‡m jvf
Ki‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q| wdKvn kv‡¯¿i DbœwZi R‡b¨ wZwb 40 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib|
Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) wQ‡jb mwgwZi cÖavb| mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Bgvg Rvdi mvw`K,
nveŸvb, Bgvg gynv¤§`, BDmyd, Be‡b Lv‡j` Gi bvg D‡jL‡hvM¨| Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ AvBb
wb‡q ¯^vaxb fv‡e Av‡jvPbv nZ| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †KviAvb I nvw`‡mi wewˇZ wbR wbR gZvgZ
e¨³ Ki‡Zb| AZtci me©m¤§wZ µ‡g mwVK wm×vš— M„nxZ nZ Ges Zv wjwce× Kiv nZ| my`xN©
30 eQi mvabvi d‡j wdKvn& kv‡¯¿i DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| wZwb Zvui wk¶KZv Rxe‡b
c„w_ex‡Z nvRvi nvRvi gydvw”Qi, gynvwÏm I dKxn ˆZix K‡i wM‡q‡Qb| Zvui Qv·`i
g‡a¨ hviv Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ Bgvg gynv¤§` (int), Bgvg
Avey BDmyd (int), I Bgvg hyKvi (int) Ab¨Zg|
Bgvg Avey nvwbdvi (int) PwiÎ wQj eû ¸‡Y
¸bvwš^Z| wZwb wQ‡jb AvZ¥mshgx, gnvb PwiÎevb, ci‡nRMvi, D`vi, `vbkxj, AwZkq
weP¶Y Ges gyËvwK¡b| wZwb wQ‡jb wnsmv, †jvf, †µva, ciwb›`v BZ¨vw` †_‡K cweÎ|
webv cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kvb K_v ej‡Zb bv| wZwb my`xN© Pwjk eQi ch©š— Gkvi bvgv‡hi IRy
w`‡q dR‡ii bvgvh Av`vq K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z GUvB eySv hvq †h, wZwb mviv ivZ Avjvni
Bev`Z I Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ wel‡q M‡elYvq gMœ _vK‡Zb| wZwb Kvc‡oi e¨emv K‡i wb‡Ri
Ges cwiev‡ii RxweKv DcvR©b Ki‡Zb| KwZcq Kg©Pvixi Øviv e¨emv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
e¨emvq hv‡Z nvivg A_© DcvwR©Z bv nq †m R‡b¨ wZwb Kg©Pvix‡`i me mgq mZK© Ki‡Zb|
GKevi wZwb ‡`vKv‡b Kg©Pvix‡`i wKQz Kvc‡oi †`vl µzwU †`wL‡q ej‡jb,ÔÔ†µZvi Kv‡Q
hLb G¸‡jv wewµ Ki‡e ZLb Kvc‡oi G †`vl¸‡jv ‡`wL‡q w`‡e Ges Gi g~j¨ Kg ivL‡e|
wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z Kg©Pvixiv fyjµ‡g †µZv‡K Kvc‡oi †`vlµzwU bv †`wL‡qB wewµ K‡i †`b|
G K_v wZwb ïb‡Z †c‡q Lye e¨w_Z n‡q Kg©Pvix‡`i wZi¯‹vi K‡ib Ges wewµZ Kvc‡oi
mgy`q A_© m`Kv K‡i †`b| Zvui mZZvi G iKg kZ kZ NUbv i‡q‡Q|
wZwb KL‡bv miKvwi †Kvb Aby`vb MÖnY K‡ibwb|
wb‡Ri e¨w³Z¡ I ¯^vaxbZv‡K D‡aŸ© ¯’vb w`‡Zb wZwb| DgvBqv eskxq Lwjdv‡`i AZ¨vPvi,
wbôiZv I AgvbweK Kvh©Kjv‡ci wei“‡× Av‡¯— Av‡¯— mviv †`‡k Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi m„wó
nq| we‡kl K‡i gviIqv‡bi kvmbvg‡j AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi `vwe`vi‡`i Av‡›`vjb wQj
Zz‡½| G Av‡›`vjb mgMÖ BivK I Kzdvq DgvBqv eskxq Lwjdv gviIqv‡bi wmsnvmb Kvuwc‡q
Zz‡jwQj| 129 wnRix gviIqvb Zvui weP¶Y Avgjv BqvwR` Be‡b Igi Be‡b ûevqiv‡K Kzdvi
Mfb©i wbhy³ K‡ib| BqvwR` Be‡b ûivqiv kvmbKv‡h© agx©q †bZv‡`i Dcw¯’wZi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡jb| ZvB wZwb ¶Zgv I A‡_©i †jvf †`wL‡q agx©q †bZv‡`i
kvmbKv‡h© RvwoZ Kivi †Póv Pvjvb Ges BwZg‡a¨ K‡qKRb‡K eo eo ivRKxq c`I `vb K‡ib|
ZLb mgMÖ BivK I Kzdvq Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int)Gi mybvg, mZZv I RbwcÖqZv wQj
me©vwaK| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb ‡h, GUv nj DgvBqv wLjvdZ‡K
`xN©vwqZ Kivi GKwU Mfxi lohš¿| wZwb GUvI eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, cÖv‡`wkK Rvwjg
Mfb©i‡`i Aax‡b KvRxi c` MÖnY K‡i b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e bq| wePviKv‡h©
DgvBqv kvmK‡`i cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i Aax‡b KvRxi c` MÖnY Kivi A_© n‡e mZ¨ I
A‡_©i †jvfjvjmv Zvu‡K †Kvbw`b ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB mZ¨‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z wZwb KvD‡K
KL‡bv fq Ki‡Zb bv| BqvwR` Be‡b ûivqivi Avgš¿Y †c‡q ïaygvÎ cÖZ¨vL¨vbB Ki‡jb bv
eis my¯úô fvlvq e‡jw`‡jb,ÔÔ cÖavb wePvicwZi c` MÖnY Kiv‡Zv `~‡ii K_v, †gvUv
As‡Ki †eZb w`‡q BqvwR` hw` gmwR‡`i `iRv Rvbvjv¸‡jv ¸Yevi gZ nvjKv `vwqZ¡&I
†`q, Z_vwc G Rv‡jg miKv‡ii Aax‡b Avwg Zv MÖnY Kie bv| G‡Z BqvwR` w¶ß n‡q Bgvg
Avey nvwbdv (int) †K †MÖdZvi K‡i KvivMv‡i e›`x K‡ib| Gici KvivMv‡i Zvu‡K
cÖavbgš¿xi c` MÖnY Kivi R‡b¨ Aby‡iva Rvbvb| wKš‘ G‡ZI wZwb ivRx bv nIqvq
KvivMv‡i cÖwZw`b Zvu‡K †eÎvNvZ Kiv nZ| wKš—y Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) wbh©vZ‡bi
f‡q Rvwjg miKv‡ii Kv‡Q gv_v bZ K‡ibwb| Ae‡k‡l KvivMvi †_‡K gyw³ †c‡q wZwb g°vq
P‡j Av‡mb|
131 wnRix‡Z gynv¤§` bvd‡m RvwKqv Lwjdv gbmy‡ii
A‰bmjvwgK I AgvbweK Kvh©Kjv‡ci wei“‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib Ges hy‡× knx` nb|
Bgvg gv‡jK (int) g°v †_‡K Kzdvq wd‡i Av‡mb| AveŸvmxqiv BwZc~‡e© Avn‡j evBqvZ‡`i
cÖwZ LoMn¯— n‡q D‡Vb Ges agx©q †bZv‡`i cÖwZ wbóyi I AgvbweK wPh©vZb Pvjv‡Z ïi“
K‡ib| AveŸvmxqiv Zv‡`i cÖwZØ›Øx DgvBqv eskxq‡`i cÖvq m¤ú~Y©i“‡c aŸsm K‡i
w`‡qwQj| Ggb wK DgvBqv Lwjdv‡`i Kei Ly‡o Zv‡`i Aw¯’ cvRi Zz‡j G‡b R¡vwj‡q
†d‡jwQj| AveŸvmxq eskxq Lwjdv gbmyi wmsnvm‡b e‡m Avn‡j evBqvZ I Av‡jg mgv‡Ri
cÖwZ AZ¨vPv‡ii óxg †ivjvi Pvjvb|
Rvbv hvq, GKgvÎ bM‡iB wek j¶ gymjgvb gbmy‡ii
wei“‡× gyn¤§` Beªvnx‡gi c‡¶ hy‡×i R‡b¨ cÖ¯—ywZ MÖnY K‡iwQj| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int)
gynv¤§` Beªvnxg‡K †Mvc‡b c~Y© mg_©b w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvIqvi R‡b¨
cÖPzi A_© w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQ‡jb| wbôzi I Rv‡jg gbmyi †Mvc‡b eû Dc‡XŠKb cvwV‡q
Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) †K nvZ Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡jb| wKš‘ Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int)
G¸‡jv‡K cÖ_¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Qb|
Ae‡k‡l 146 wnRix‡Z Lwjdv gbmyi Bgvg Avey nvwbdv
(int) evM`v‡`i Lwjdvi `iKv‡e Zje K‡ib| wZwb Lwjdvi `iev‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡j Zvu‡K
cÖavb wePvicwZi c` MÖnY Kivi Aby‡iva
Rvbvb| wKš‘ Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) Rv‡jg miKv‡ii Aax‡b G c` MÖnY Ki‡Z
ivwR n‡jb bv| wZwb eyS‡Z ‡c‡iwQ‡jb †h GUv gbmy‡ii Mfxi lohš¿| GQvov G c` MÖnY
Kivi A_© n‡e b¨vq, Bbmvd I e¨vw³Z¡‡K wemR©b w`‡q c~Rvix nIqv| ZvB Bgvg Avey
nvwbdv (int) Lwjdv gbmyi‡K ej‡jb, Avwg cÖavb wePvicwZi c` MÖnY Kivi †hvM¨ bB|
G‡Z Lwjdv ivMwš^Z ¯^‡i ej‡jb, Avcwb wg_¨vev`x| cÖZz¨Ë‡i Bgvg mv‡ne ej‡jb,
Avcbvi K_v hw` mwZ¨ nq Zvn‡j Avgvi K_vB mwVK| KviY GKRb wg_¨vev`x iv‡óªi cÖavb
wePvicwZ c‡`i †hvM¨ bq|
AZtci Lwjdv gbmyi †Kvb DËi w`‡Z bv †c‡i µy× n‡q
Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) †K †MÖdZvi K‡i KvivMv‡i e›`x Kivi wb‡`©k ‡`b| KvivMv‡i
e‡mI Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) wdKvn kv‡¯¿ Zvu K‡Vvi mvabv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| KvivMv‡i
e‡mB wZwb wewfbœ KwVb gvmAvjvi Reve w`‡Zb| wewfbœ RvqMv †_‡K kZ kZ gvbyl G‡m
KvivMv‡iB gvmAvjv wk¶v jvf K‡i †h‡Zb| Bgvg Avey BDmyd (int) †Kej gvÎ KvivMv‡i
e‡mB 12j¶ 90 nvRv‡ii AwaK gvmAvjv wjwce× K‡iwQ‡jb|
Gici Lwjdv gbmyi GKw`b Lv‡`¨i mv‡_ wel wgwk‡q
w`b| Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) wel wµqv eyS‡Z †c‡i wmR`vq c‡o hvb Ges wmR`v
Ae¯’vqB wZwb 1580 wnRix‡Z G bk¦i c„w_ex †_‡K we`vq MÖnY K‡ie| G mgq Zvui eqm
n‡qwQj 70 eQi|
G gnv gbxlx Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (int) Gi B‡š—Kv‡ji msev` PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q c‡o
Ges †`‡ki me©¯—‡ii †jvKRb g„Zz¨i msev` ï‡b †kv‡K gyn¨gvb n‡q c‡o| Kw_Z Av‡Q,
Zvui Rvbvhvq cÂvk nvRv‡ii AwaK †jvK AskMÖnY K‡iwQj| Zvui AwmqZ Abyhvqx weRivb
†Mvi¯—v‡b Zvu‡K Kei †`qv n‡q‡Q|
21
Rvwei
Be‡b nvBqvb
[Jabir Ibn Hayaan]
[wLªóc~e©-722-803
]
Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb-Gi c~Y© bvg nj Avey Ave`yjvn
Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb| wZwb Avey gymv Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| †KD †KD Zvu‡K
ÔAvj nviivbxÕ Ges ÔAvm mydxÕ bv‡gI AwfwnZ K‡ib| BD‡ivcxq cwÛZiv Zvui bvg‡K weK…Z
K‡i ÔwReviÕ wjwceÜ K‡i‡Q| wZwb K‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Zv mwVK fv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
hZ`yi Rvbv hvq, wZwb 722 wLªóv‡ã Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg n‡”Q nvBqvb|
Avi‡ei `w¶Y As‡k Rvwe‡ii c~e© cyi“liv evm Ki‡Zb| Zvuiv wQ‡jb AvRv` eskxq|
¯’vbxq ivRbxwZ‡Z AvRv` eskxqiv we‡kl fv‡e RwoZ wQ‡jb|
cieZx©‡Z Rvwe‡ii wcZv nvBqvb c~e© evm¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i Kzdvq wM‡q emevm ïi“ K‡ib|
wZwb wQ‡jb wPwKrmK I Ilya we‡µZv| Rvbv hvq, DgvBqv es‡ki Lwjdv‡`i wbôzi I
AgvbweK Kvh©Kjv‡ci `i“b nvBqvb DgvBqv es‡ki cÖwZ we‡Øl g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zb|
†m‡nZz wZwb cvi‡m¨i K‡qKwU cÖevekvjx es‡ki m‡½ civgk© I lohš¿ Kievi R‡b¨ AveŸvmxq‡`i `~Z wn‡m‡e Kzdv Z¨vM K‡i Zzm bM‡i
Mgb K‡ib| G Zzm bM‡iB Rvwe‡ii Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib|
nvBqv‡bi loh‡š¿i K_v AwZ kxNÖB ZrKvjxb Lwjdvi
`„wó‡MvPi nq| Lwjdv Zvu‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i g„Zz¨`Û †`b Ges nvBqv‡bi cwievi cwiRb‡`i
cybivq `w¶Y Ave‡i †cÖiY K‡ib| `w¶Y Avi‡eB Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb wk¶v jvf K‡ib| wk¶v
jv‡fi cÖwZ wQj Zvi cig AvMÖn| †h †Kvb wel‡qi eB †c‡jB wZwb Zv c‡o †kl K‡i
‡dj‡Zb Ges Gi Ici M‡elYv Pvjv‡Zb| Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B wZwb GLv‡b MwY‡Zi wewfbœ
kvLvq we‡ll cvi`kx© e‡j L¨vZ n‡q D‡Vb|
wk¶v mgvwßi ci Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb wcZvi Kg©¯’vb
Kzdv bMix‡Z wM‡q emevm ïi“ K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb cÖ_‡g wPwKrmv e¨emv Avi¤¢ K‡ib Ges
G m~‡ÎB ZrKvjxb weL¨vZ cwÛZ Bgvg Rvdi mvw`‡Ki Aby‡cÖiYvq wZwb imvqb I wPwKrmv
weÁv‡b M‡elYv ïi“ K‡ib| Kv‡iv g‡Z Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb Lwjdv Lvwj` web BqvwR‡`i
Kv‡Q imvqb we`¨v wk¶v jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ G K_vi †Kvb mZ¨Zv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
KviY Rvwei Be‡b nvBqv‡bi Kvh©vewji mgqKvj wQj
Lwjdv nvi“b Ai ikx‡`i ivRZ¡Kv‡j | A_P Lwjdv Lvwj` web BqvwR` nvi“b Ai
ikx‡`i eû c~‡e©B B‡š—Kvj K‡ib|
hZ`yi Rvbv hvq, Rvwei wQ‡jb Bgvg Rvdi mvw`‡KiB wkl¨|
Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B imvqb I wPwKrmv weÁvbx wn‡m‡e Zvui myL¨vwZ PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q
c‡o| G mgq wQj AveŸvmxq Lwjdv nvi“Y Ai ikx‡`i ivRZ¡Kvj| wKš‘ Lwjdv nvi“Y Ai
ikx‡`i mv‡_ Zvi †Zgb †Kvb cwiPq I mv¶vr nqwb| wKš‘ Lwjdvi evigvK eskxq K‡qKRb
gš¿xi mv‡_ Zvui Mfxi m¤úK© M‡o D‡VwQj| Bgvg Rvdi mvw`KB Rvwei‡K evigvK eskxq
K‡qKRb gš¿xi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`b| GKevi Bqvwnqv web Lvwj` bvgK R‰bK evigvK
gš¿xi GK wcÖq my›`ix `vmx gvivZ¥K e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš— n‡q c‡o| ZrKvjxb †`‡ki mycÖwm×
wPwKrmKiv Zvi wPwKrmv K‡i e¨_© nb|
G mgq gš¿x cÖvmv‡` wPwKrmvi R‡b¨ WvK c‡o Rvwei
Be‡b nvBqv‡bi| Rvwei gvÎ K‡qKw`‡bi wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g Zv‡K my¯’ K‡i †Zv‡jb| G‡Z
Bqvwnqv web Lvwj` Lye mš‘ó nb Ges Rvwe‡ii mv‡_ Zvui eÜzZ¡ M‡o D‡V| evigvK eskxq
K‡qKRb gš¿xi ga¨¯’Zvq wZwb ivóªxq wKQz my‡hvM myweav jvf K‡ib| Gi d‡j wZwb
imvqb weÁvb m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK M‡elYv Kivi my‡hvM cvb| gš¿x Bqvwnqv Ges Zvui cyÎ Rvwe‡ii
Kv‡Q imvqb weÁvb wk¶v ïi“ K‡ib| wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q bZzb bZzb Z_¨ I wewfbœ c`v_©
Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| Lye Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B wZwb †kªô imvqb weÁvbx wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ nb|
Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb cÖwZwU welq hyw³i mvnv‡h¨
Abyaveb Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi †`vnvB w`‡q wZwb †Kvb Kv‡R AMÖmi nbwb|
wZwb me©`v nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR Ki‡Zb| cÖwZwU wel‡q cy•Lvbycy•L i“‡c ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Zvi djvdj wj‡L ivL‡Zb| wZwb Zvi ÔwKZveyZ
Zv‡RÕ cy·K Dc‡`k w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ivmvqwb‡Ki me©v‡c¶v †kªô KvR n‡jv nv‡Z Kj‡g
cix¶v Pvjv‡bv| †h nv‡Z Kj‡g wKsev cix¶vg~jK KvR K‡i bv| Zvi c‡¶ mvgvb¨Zg
cvi`wk©Zv jvf KivI m¤¢eci bq|
Rvwei Zvui Rxe‡bi AwaKvsk mgqB evM`v‡`
KvwU‡q‡Qb| wKZveyj LvIqv‡mi NUbvejx †_‡K eySv hvq †h Aóg kZvãxi †kl w`‡K
evM`v‡`B Zvi imvqbvMvi ¯’vwcZ wQj| D‡jL¨ †h, Rvwe‡ii g„Zz¨i 100 eQi c‡i Kzdvq
Aew¯’Z `vgv¯‹vm †M‡Ui Kv‡Q iv¯—v bZzb K‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z KZK¸‡jv Ni †f‡½ †djvi mgq
GKwU N‡i 200 cvD‡Ûi GKwU †mvbvi _vj I GKwU Lj cvIqv hvq| wdnwi‡¯—i g‡Z GwU wQj
Rvwe‡ii evm¯’vb I j¨ve‡iUix| HwZnvwmK wnwÆI NUbvi mZ¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
Rvwei Be‡b nvBqv‡bi Ae`vb †gŠwjK| wZwb e¯‘RMZ‡K
cÖavbZt wZb fv‡M wef³ K‡ib| cÖ_g fv‡M w¯úwiU, wØZxqfv‡M avZz Ges Z„Zxqfv‡M
†hŠwMK c`v_©| Zvui G Avwe¯‹v‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡iB cieZx© weÁvbxiv e¯‘RMr†K wZbwU
fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v ev¯úxq, c`v_© I c`v_© ewnf~©Z| Rvwei Ggb me e¯‘ wek¦ mf¨Zvi
mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib, †h¸‡jv‡K Zvc w`‡j ev¯úvwqZ nq| G ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q Kcy©i, Av‡m©wbK I
G‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW| wZwb †`Lvb wKQz wgkª I †hŠwMK c`v_© †mvbv, i“cv, Zvgv,
†jvnv, `¯—v cÖf„wZ|
Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvbB me© cÖ_g bvBwUªK GwmW
Avw¯‹vi K‡ib| mvjwdDwiK GwmWI ZviB Avwe¯‹vi | wZwb wKZveyj BmwZgvm G bvBwUªK
GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kivi dg~©jv eY©bv K‡ib| bvBwUªK Gwm‡W ¯^Y© Mjv‡bvi dig~jv wZwbB cÖ_g
Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| bvBwUªK GwmW I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡W ¯^Y© Mjv‡bvi c`v_©wUi bvg †h
GKvqv wiwRqvÕ G bvgwUI Zvi cÖ`Ë| Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb bvbvfv‡eB Zvi ivmvqwbK
we‡klY ev ms‡kl‡Yi bvgKiY ev msÁv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cvZb, DשcvZb, cwimªveY `ªeY,
†Kjvmb, f¯§xKiY, Mjb, ev¯úxfeb BZ¨vw` ivmvqwbK ms‡klY ev Abykxjb M‡elYvi wK wK
i“cvš—i nq Ges Zvi dj wK wZwb ZvI we¯—vwiZfv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb Pvgov I Kvc‡o is Kivi cªYvjx, B¯úvZ cÖ¯‘Z
Kivi c×wZ, †jvnv IqvUi cÖ“d Kvc‡o evwY©k Kivi Dcvq, †mvbvi R‡j cy¯—‡K bvg †jLvi
R‡b¨ †jŠ‡ni e¨envi BZ¨vw` Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb ¯^Y© I cik cv_i ˆZix
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| wKš‘ wZwb ¯^Y© wKsev cik cv_‡ii †jvwf wQ‡jb bv| ab m¤ú‡`i
†jvf-jvjmv Zvu‡K mf¨Zv Dbœq‡b I M‡elYvi Av`k© †_‡K we›`y gvÎI c`öjb NUv‡Z
cv‡iwb| `y`©vš— mvnmx Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb ¯^Y© I cik cv_i ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q AvRxeb †hLv‡bB
wM‡q‡Qb `y‡h©vM,`ywðš—v I g„Zz¨i mv‡_ jovB Qvov myL kvwš—i gyL †`L‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Rvwe‡ii g‡Z †mvbv, i“cv, †jvnv cÖf„wZ hZ cÖKvi avZz Av‡Q †Kvb avZziB ‡gŠwjKZv
†bB| Gme avZzB cvi` Avi M܇Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ|
LwbR avZz Lwb‡Z †h wbq‡g MwZ nq †m wbq‡g gvbylI Hme avZz ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨ avZzi m‡½ ¯^Y©‡K Cupellation c×wZ‡Z A_©vr gxMv‡ii ms‡M wgwk‡q ¯^Y© weï×
Kivi c×wZ wZwbB Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
Rvwei †b‡cvwjqv‡bi Ava¨vwZ¥Kev` ‡c‡Uv, m‡µwUm,
GwióUj,wc_v‡Mvivm, wW‡gvwµUvm cÖgy‡Li MÖ‡š’i m‡½ cwiwPZ Ges MÖxK fvlvq mycwÛZ
wQ‡jb| wZwb wPwKrmv kv¯¿, BDwK¬W I Avj gv‡R‡ói fvl¨, `k©b, hy×we`¨v, imvqb,
R¨vwgwg, †R¨wZwe©Ávb I KvR¨ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ MÖš’ cÖbqb K‡ib| wZwb `yB nvRv‡iiI †ewk
MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Z‡e Zvi AwaKvsk MÖš’B gvÎ K‡qK c„ôvi g‡a¨ mxgve×| wZwb wewfbœ
welq cix¶v - wbix¶v K‡i hv †c‡q‡Qb, Zvi djvdjB wQj MÖ‡š’i welqe¯‘| wewfbœ wel‡q
Zvui cÖYxZ MÖ¯’vejxi g‡a¨ imvqb 267wU, hy×v¯¿vw` 300wU, wPwKrmv 500wU, `k©‡b
300wU, wKZveyZ ZvMw`i 300wU, †R¨vwZ©weÁvb 300 c„ôvi 1wU, `vk©wbK hyw³ LÛ 500wU
D‡jL‡hvM¨|
wek¦L¨vZ G gbxlxi g„Zz¨i ZvwiL wb‡qI h‡_ó
g‡Zvcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z wZwb 803 wLªóv‡ã G bk¦i c„w_ex †_‡K we`vq
†bb| wZwb c„w_ex †_‡K we`vq wb‡q‡Qb e‡U, wKš—y weÁv‡b wZwb Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv
wPi ¯^iYxq|
22
gvB‡Kj
d¨vivW
[Michael Faraday]
[wLªóc~e©-1791-1867
]
1971 mv‡ji 22†k †m‡Þ¤^i d¨viv‡Wi Rb¥| Bsj¨v‡Ûi
wbDUb evUm Zvui Rb¥¯’vb| Zvui evevi ‡Rgm wQ‡jb Kvgvi| AZ¨š— `wi`ª cwievi wQj
d¨viv‡Wi evev-PvPv‡`i| A_© DcvR©‡bi ZvwM‡` Zvui evev jÛb kn‡i G‡mwQ‡jb|
Zvui PvPv‡`i †KD wQj gywP, †KD K‡ji wgw¯¿,
†KDev gyw`i †`vKvb`vi| wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi †Kvb evjvB wQj bv Zv‡`i †PŠÏ cyi“‡li|
Zey&I †mB wbgœZg cwi‡ek †_‡KB I‡V G‡mwQ‡jb we‡k¦i GKRb L¨vwZgvb weÁvb
cÖwZfv gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W| evwoi Kv‡Q GKwU cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j covïbv K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb|
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wewj Kiv| mKvj †_‡KB Zvu‡K G Kv‡R e¨¯— _vK‡Z nZ| Zvi g‡a¨ mgq K‡i wb‡q cÖwZ
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GKUv ARvbv †KŠZznj| gv‡S gv‡S bvbvb K_v wR‡Ám Ki‡Zb| Kv‡Ri dvu‡K dvu‡K d¨viv‡W
nv‡Zi Kv‡Q hv ‡c‡Zb ZvB co‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i w`‡Zb|
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dvu‡K †jLvcov Kivi my‡hvM n‡jv Gevi| Ávb AR©‡bi GK Zxeª AvKv•¶vq †`vKvb †_‡K
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wel‡qi eB evuavevi Rb¨ AvmZ, Zvi g‡a¨ weÁv‡bi wel‡q †jLv eB¸‡jv Avwg g‡bv‡hvM
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w`‡q nvuU‡Z nVvr †Pv‡L coj weÁvb wel‡q GK f`ª‡jvK K‡qKwU e³…Zv †`‡eb| cÖwZwU
e³…Zv †kvbevi Rb¨ cÖ‡ek gyj¨ wQj GK wkwjs| d¨viv‡W †KŠZznjx n‡q DV‡jb| cÖwZUv
e³…Zv †kvbevi Rb¨| wKš‘ mgm¨v †`Lv w`j A_© Avi mg‡qi | †mŠfvM¨µ‡g †`vKv‡bi
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†eov‡Zb gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W| wKQzw`b c‡i Avevi cyi‡bv eB‡qi †`vKv‡b eB evuavB‡qi
PvKwi wd‡i †c‡jb d¨viv‡W|
gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡Wi eqm 21 eQi| GKw`b †`vKv‡bi GK
LwiÏvi G‡m weL¨vZ weÁvbx m¨vi nvgwdª †Wwfi e³…Zv †kvbvi Rb¨ †`vKv‡bi gvwjK wgt
RR©‡K Pviw`‡bi e³…Zvi wUwKU w`‡q †M‡jb| RR© Rvb‡Zb weÁvb wel‡q d¨viv‡Wi
†KŠZzn‡ji K_v| wZwb Zvu‡K me KÕwU wUwKUB w`‡q w`‡jb| gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡Wi Rxe‡b GK
bZzb w`M‡š—i Øvi D‡b¥wPZ nj| Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i wZwb ïb‡jb m¨vi nvgwd« †Wwfi
e³…Zv| G e³…Zv Zvui gb‡K GZ Mfxifv‡e bvov w`‡qwQj, wZwb w¯’i Ki‡jb Avi eB
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n‡jb m¨vi †Wwf| wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡jb weÁv‡bi
cÖwZ gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡Wi Zxeª AvMÖn| Zvu‡K iqvj †mvmvBwU‡Z wb‡Ri M‡elYvMv‡i wkwk
†eZj †avqvi PvKwi w`‡jb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ m¨vi †Wwf †mw`b hw` d¨viv‡Wi cÖwZ G mü`qZvi
nvZ bv evwo‡q w`‡Zb Z‡e d¨viv‡W nqZ eB evavBKvix wn‡m‡eB mg¯— Rxeb KvwU‡q
w`‡Zb| ZvB cieZx©Kv‡j m¨vi †Wwf ej‡Zb Avgvi †kªô Avwe¯‹vi gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W|
A‡bK NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡qB d¨viv‡W ax‡i ax‡i
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Avgš¿Y †c‡jb m¨vi †Wwe| gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W‡K m½x wn‡m‡e wb‡jb wZwb| G †`kågY
d¨viv‡Wi Rxe‡b GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv| GKw`‡K wZwb G cÖ_g Bsj¨v‡Ûi evB‡i c„w_exi Ab¨
†`‡k cv ivL‡jb, Ab¨w`‡K m¨vi †Wwfi mnKvix wn‡m‡e eû cwÛZ weÁvbx‡`i mvwbœ‡a¨
Avmvi my‡hvM †c‡jb| Zviv hvÎv ïi“ K‡ib 13B A‡±vei 1813| d¨viv‡W Zvui WvBwi‡Z
wj‡L‡Qb,ÔÔ AvR‡Ki mKvj Avgvi Rxe‡b GK bZzb Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv Kij|
Zvuiv Ny‡i †eovv‡jb d«vÝ, BUvwji wewfbœ kni|
d¨viv‡W GKw`‡K †hgb weÁvb wel‡q bvbvb Z_¨ msMÖn KiwQ‡jb Ab¨w`‡K `y‡PvL f‡i
Dc‡fvM KiwQ‡jb cÖK…wZi Acvi †mŠ›`h©| Zvu‡K gy» K‡iwQj weÁvbxi mb¥vb| †mB mgq Bsj¨v‡Ûi
mv‡_ d«v‡Ýi hy× PjwQj| †Kvb evavwb‡la QvovB Zvuiv Ny‡i †ewo‡q‡Qb d«v‡Ý| me©Î
mgv`i †c‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ GKR‡bi e¨envi d¨vivW‡K e¨w_Z K‡iwQj| wZwb n‡jb m¨vi †Wwfi
¯¿x| wg‡mm †Wwf d¨viv‡W‡K ¯^vgxi GK AbyMZ Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e fve‡Zb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb
`yR‡bi g‡a¨ cÖfy-f„‡Z¨i m¤ú©K| †R‡bfv‡Z cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK Aa¨vcK wif Zvi evwo‡Z wZRb‡K
ga¨vü †fv‡R wbgš¿Y K‡iwQ‡jb| mK‡jiB GK RvqMvq emvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘
gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡Wi mv‡_ GKB m‡½ e‡m †L‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡jb wg‡mm †Wwfm| cÖfycZœxi G AnsKvi †`‡L g‡b g‡b e¨w_Z n‡jI me
wKQzB nvwmgy‡L †g‡b wb‡jb gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W| BUvwj åg‡Yi mgq cwiPq nq weÁvbx
†fvëv‡ii mv‡_| weÁvbx †fvëv ZLb we`y¨r msµvš— M‡elYvi cÖwZ Mfxifv‡e AvK…ó nb|
`xN© åg‡Yi ci 1815 mv‡j ¯^‡`‡k wd‡i G‡jb
d¨viv‡W| Gevi wZwb iqvj BbwówUD‡U GKRb M‡elK wn‡m‡e †hvM w`‡jb| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B
wZwb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †K¬vwib M¨v‡mi ZijxKiY Zwor we‡kl‡Yi m~Î| ax‡i ax‡i weÁvbx
wn‡m‡e Zvui bvg Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q cowQj| Zvui M‡elYvi welq wQj imvqb weÁvb Ges Zwor
imvqb weÁvb|
GK ch©v‡q L¨vwZ Qwo‡q coj ivRmfvq| wKš‘ ivRmfvq
cvuP nvRvi cvDÛ Ges eQi c‡i cuwPk nvRvi cvDÛ †eZb Zz”Q K‡i wZwb iqvj BbwówUD‡Ui
M‡elYvMv‡i wd‡i G‡jb| hw`I GLv‡b Zvui gvwmK †eZb wQj gvÎ cvuP‡kv cvDÛ| Z‡e
M‡elYvi my‡hvM GLv‡b A‡bK †ewk wQj d¨viv‡Wi | GK mgq jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K imvqb
wefv‡Mi cÖavb Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`Iqvi R‡b¨ Zvu‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| wKš‘
Ávbwccvmy gvbylwUi Kv‡Q Gi †Zgb g~j¨ wQj bv|
m¨vi nvgwd« ‡Wwfi weL¨vZ Avwe¯‹vi Zvi †mdwU
j¨v¤ú| G Av‡jv LwbkªwgKiv hLb gvwUi wb‡P hvq ZLb e¨envi K‡i Ges G Av‡jvq Zviv
c_ P‡j KvRKg© K‡i| wZwb GK mgq wjL‡jb, Avwg cªK…wZi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK m¤ú©‡K Lyu‡R †eovw”Q| †PŠ¤^Kxq kw³‡K we`y¨‡Z i“cvwš—wiZ Kiv, Zij Ges
M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i ¯^i“c wK ? Pz¤^KZ¡ I AwfKl© we`y¨r-G‡`i mv‡_ wK Zwor cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK©hy³ ? d¨viv‡Wi M‡elYv‡K wZbwU c‡e© fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_g ce© 1816-1830| G c‡e©i
cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb g~jZ imvqb wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Zb|
mvZ eQi ci wd‡i G‡jb Zvi Zwor Pz¤^K weÁv‡bi
M‡elYvq| GK eÜz‡K wjL‡jb, Avwg GLb B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwURg wb‡q KvR KiwQ, g‡b n‡”Q
Lye ZvovZvwo bZzb wKQzi mÜvb cve| Ae‡k‡l GKw`b wKQzUv AvKw¯§Kfv‡eB K‡qK
gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨ KvuPv †jvnv I Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Pz¤^K kw³‡Z we`y¨r cÖev‡ni m„wó Ki‡jb|
wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B wZwb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡jb cÖ_g Wvqbv‡gv| Gi bvg w`‡jb, g¨vmv‡bv B‡jKwUªK
†gwkb|
wZwb Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡jb 1841 mv‡j Zvi hyMvš—Kvix
ZË¡ Av‡jv‡Ki Dci †PŠ¤^K‡Z¡i cÖfve| G Avwe¯‹v‡ii Dci wfwË K‡iB cieZx©Kv‡j weÁvbx
g¨vKªI‡qj evi Ki‡jb Zvui weL¨vZ we`y¨r Pz¤^Kxq mgxKiY| hvi d‡j gvbyl jvf Kij
Zv‡ii ms‡hvM QvovB †eZvi †UwjMÖvd †hvMv‡hvM| gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W wb‡RB wj‡L‡Qb,
ÔÔRxe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q me wKQz‡K mgvbfv‡e MÖnY Kiv, Avi AwePjfv‡e
wb‡Ri j‡¶¨ GwM‡q Pjv|
1867 wLªóv‡ãi gnv gbxlx GB c„w_ex †_‡K wPi
we`vq †bb|
23
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[Lanin]
[wLªóc~e©-1870-1924]
‡jwb‡bi Rb¥
ivwkqvi GK wkw¶Z cwiev‡i 1870 mv‡ji 22 GwcÖj (ivwkqvi cyi‡bv K¨v‡jÛvi Abymv‡i
10B GwcÖj) †jwb‡bi wcZv-gvZv _vK‡Zb fiv b`xi Zx‡i wmgwe¯‹ kn‡i| Qq fvB‡ev‡bi
g‡a¨ †jwbb wQ‡jb Z…Zxq| †jwb‡bi evev Bwjqv A¯¿vKvb wQ‡jb †m›U wcUvm©eyM©
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ|
cy‡iv bvg
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wec‡ei cÖvY cyi“l wf, MvB †jwbb Rv‡ii cywjk‡K dvuwK †`evi Rb¨ wZwb QÙ bvg †bb
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Av‡jKRvÛviI
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m`m¨iv w¯’i Ki‡jb Rvi Z…Zxq Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡e| †jwbb ZvB Av‡jKRvÛviI GB
cwiKíbv P~ovš— ch©v‡q ZLb Rv‡ii ¸ßPi wefv‡Mi †jvKRb me wKQz Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨
mK‡ji mv‡_ Av‡jKRvÛviI aiv co‡jb| wePv‡i Ab¨ PviR‡bi mv‡_ Zvi dvuwm nj|
eo fvB‡qi g„Zz¨
†jwb‡bi Rxe‡b GKwU eo AvNvZ n‡q G‡mwQj GB mg‡q †jwb‡bi eqm gvÎ m‡Z‡iv| wZwb
w¯’i Ki‡jb wZwb wecex Av‡›`vj‡b hy³ n‡eb| †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡KB covïbvq wQj Zvi Mfxi
AvMÖn Avi †gav| cÖwZwU cix¶vq fvj dj K‡i fwZ© n‡jb KvRvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb
wefv‡M| †mB mgq cÖwZwU wek¦we`¨vjq wQj GKwU wecex †K›`ª|
1887 mv‡ji 4Vv
wW‡m¤^i Qv·`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ Qv·`i GK weivU mfv nj|
†mB mfvi †bZ…‡Z¡i fvi wQj †jwb‡bi Dci| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zv‡K wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K
ewn¯‹vi Kiv nj| ïay ZvB bq, cv‡Q wZwb bZzb †Kvb ‡Kvb Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡i †mB Rb¨
7B wW‡m¤^i Zv‡K KvRv‡bi Mfb©‡ii wb‡`©‡k †Kvdzwb‡Kv bv‡g GK MÖv‡g wbR©b wbe©vmb
†`Iqv nj| GK eQ‡ii wbe©vmb †kl nj| ‡jwbb wd‡i G‡jb KvRvb kn‡i| Zvi B”Qv wQj
Avevi covïbv ïi“ Ki‡eb| wKš—y wek¦ we`¨vj‡qi fwZ©i AbygwZ †`Iqv nj bv|
KvRv‡b wQj GKwU
wecex cvVPµ| Zvi mKj m`m¨ivB gvK©mev‡`i PP©v KiZ,covïbv KiZ, ‡jwbb w¯’i Ki‡jb
wZwb AvB‡b cix¶v †`‡eb| covïbv ïi“ Ki‡jb †mB mv‡_ msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b Aí wKQz
†ivRMvi Ki‡Zb| PvieQ‡ii cvVµg gvÎ †`o eQ‡i †kl K‡i wZwb †m›U wcUvm©ey‡M© cix¶v
w`‡Z †M‡jb| G cix¶vi dj †ei nIqvi ci †`Lv †Mj †jwbb cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i‡Qb|
1892 mvj bvMv` wZwb mvgvi †Kv‡U© AvBbRxex
wn‡m‡e †hvM w`‡jb| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B eyS‡Z cvi‡jb mvgviv ev KvRvb Zvi Kv‡Ri Dchy³
RvqMv bq| AvB‡bi e¨emv‡ZI g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| mvgviv †Q‡o G‡jb †m›U
wcUvm©ey‡M|
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wK iKg Ges wKfv‡e Zviv †mvmvj †Wg‡µU‡`i wei“‡× jovB K‡i|ÕÕ GB cÖe‡Ü wZwb cÖ_g
ej‡jb, K…lK kªwgK ˆgÎxi K_v| GKgvÎ GB ˆgwÎ cv‡i ˆ¯^iZš¿, Rwg`vi I ey‡R©vqv‡`i
¶gZvi D‡”Q`, kªwgK‡`i ¶gZv cÖwZôv I bZzb KwgDwbó mgvR MVb Ki‡Z|
Gme †jLv‡jwL cÖPv‡ii mv‡_ GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb
Kievi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe KiwQ‡jb| 1896 mv‡j wZwb †m›UwcUvm©ey‡M©i gvK©mev`x Pµ¸‡jv‡K
wb‡q kªwgK †kªYx MVb K‡ib| gyw³i Rb¨ ÔÔmsMÖv‡gi m•NÕÕ bv‡g GKwU gvÎ ivR‰bwZK
msMV‡b HK¨e× nb| cieZx©Kv‡j †h KwgDwbó cvwU© M‡o D‡VwQj, GB m•N ZviB å“Yve¯’v|
GB Kv‡Ri g‡a¨B †jwb‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq nj bv‡`Ry`v µzc¯‹vBqvi mv‡_ bv‡`Ry`v wQ‡jb
GKwU ˆbk we`¨vjq wkw¶Kv| GLv‡b cÖPvi Ki‡Z Avm‡Zb ‡jwbb| †mB m~‡Î `yR‡bi g‡a¨
Avjvc nj| `yR‡b `yR‡bi gZv`k©, Av`‡k©i mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡jb| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B `yR‡bi
g‡a¨ M‡o DVj gayi m¤úK©| bv‡`Ry`vI †jwb‡bi mv‡_ msN cwiPvjvi Kv‡R hy³ n‡jb|
Zvi KvRKg© µgkB e„w× cvw”Qj| GB mgq †_vb©‡Uvb
KvivLvbvi kªwg‡Kiv ag©NU Kij| GB ag©N‡Ui †bZ…‡Z¡i fvi wQj ÔÔmsMÖvg ms‡NiÕÕ Dci|
GB ag©N‡Ui mvd‡j¨i cÖwZwµqv Ab¨ A‡ji kªwgK‡`i Dci wM‡q coj|
Rv‡ii cyywjkevwnbx Zrci n‡q DVj| †jwb‡bi mv‡_
msMV‡bi cÖvq mg¯— †bZv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nj| wbwl× Kiv nj kªwgK †kªYxi m•N|
‡jwbb‡K †m›U wcUvm©ey‡M©i †RjLvbvi GK wbR©b K‡¶
e›`x K‡i †i‡L †`Iqv nj| †R‡j e‡m wZwb A‡bK¸‡jv cÖeÜ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| †PŠÏ gvm
e›`x _vKevi ci wZb eQ‡ii Rb¨ ‡jwbb‡K wbe©vmb †`Iqv nj mvB‡ewiqvq|
GK eQi ci wbe©vwmZ n‡q G‡jb †jwb‡bi wcÖqZgµc¯‹Bqv|
cÖ_‡g Zv‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq wbe©vmb †`Iqv n‡qwQj wKš‘ †jwb‡bi evM`Ëv e‡j Zv‡K
ï‡kb‡¯‹v‡q‡Z _vKevi AbygwZ †`Iqv nj| `y gvm ci Zv‡`i we‡q nj| 1924 mv‡j †jwb‡bi
g„Zz¨ ch©š— wZwb wQ‡jb Zvi cÖK…Z eÜz, m½x Ges wek¦¯— mnKvix|
Avš—wiK cÖ‡Pôvq †ek wKQz eB Avwb‡q wb‡jb ‡jwbb|
Zvi g‡a¨ wQj gvK©m G‡½j‡mi iPbvejx| GLv‡bB wZwb Zv‡`i iPbv Rvg©vb †_‡K i“k
fvlvq Abyev` ïi“ Ki‡jb| GQvov G‡Ki ci GK MÖ¯’ iPbv Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| Gi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ nj ÔÔivwkqvq †mvmvj †W‡gv‡µvU‡`i KZ©e¨| GQvov ÔÔivwkqvq
cyuwRev‡`i weKvkÕÕ- GB eB‡qi g‡a¨ †jwb‡bi wPš—v-gbxlv, fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi cwiKíbvi
¯úó Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wØZxq iPbvi mgq wZwb cÖ_g QÙbvg e¨envi Ki‡jb †jwbb|
wPš—v fvebv cwikª‡gi d‡j wbe©vmb †kl nIqvi K‡qK
gvm Av‡M wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q co‡jb| wKš‘ µzc¯‹vBqvi †mevh‡Zœ my¯’ n‡q DV‡jb| Ae‡k‡l
wbe©vmb `‡Ûi †gqv` †kl n‡j 1900 mv‡ji 29 Rvbyqvwi iIbv n‡jb|
‡jwbb wd‡i G‡jb| Zv‡K †m›U wcUvm©ey‡M© _vKevi
AbygwZ †`Iqv nj bv| GgbwK †Kvb wkíbMix‡Z emevm wbwl× Kiv nj| eva¨ n‡q †m›U
wcUvm©ey‡M©i Kv‡RB cmKd e‡j GK kn‡i evmv Ki‡jb| G‡Z ivaavbxi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e| Ny‡i Ny‡i Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B wb‡Ri Kg©‡¶Î‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i †dj‡jb| Zvi GB
†Mvcb KvRK‡g©i K_v Rv‡ii cywjkevwnbxi Kv‡Q †Mvcb wQj bv| GKwU wi‡cv©U Zvi
wei“‡× †jLv nj, wecex‡`i `‡j Dwjqvb‡di Dc‡i †KD †bB| gnvgvb¨ Rvi‡K i¶v Ki‡Z
†M‡j Zv‡K mwi‡q ‡dj‡Z n‡e| †jwb‡bi wei“‡× †MÖdZvwi c‡ivqvbv Rvwi Kiv nj| m¤ú©~Y
QÙ‡e‡k KL‡bv cv‡q †n‡U KL‡bv †Nvovi Mvwo‡Z †P‡c mxgvš— cvi n‡q G‡jb Rvg©vwb|
Rvg©vwb‡Z G‡m cÖ_‡g w¯’i Ki‡jb GKwU cwÎKv cÖKvk
Ki‡eb| 1900 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Rvg©vwbi wjcwWM kni †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nj bZzb cwÎKv
Bm‡µv| hvi A_© ùzwj½| †mB w`b †KD KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡iwb GB ùzwj½ GKw`b `vevb‡ji gZ
R¡‡j DV‡e|
m¤ú~Y© †Mvc‡b GB cwÎKv cvwV‡q †`Iqv nj ivwkqvq|
†mLvb †_‡K Qwo‡q †`Iqv nj w`‡K w`‡K| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B Bm‡µv n‡q DVj wecex
Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb gyLcvÎ| Avi Rvg©vwb‡Z _vKv m¤¢e nj bv| †Mv‡q›`v cywj‡ki †jvKRb
GB me wecex KvRKg© eÜ Kievi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡q DVj| wec` Avmbœ eyR‡Z †c‡i ‡jwbb I
Zvi m½xiv Rvg©vwb †Q‡o cvwj‡q G‡jb Bsj¨v‡Û| wKQz w`b ci msev` †c‡jb Zvi gv Avi
†evb d«v‡Ýi GKwU †QvU kn‡i G‡m i‡q‡Qb| gv‡qi mv‡_ mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨ c¨vwi‡m †M‡jb|
c¨vwim Z¨vM K‡i Avevi jÛ‡b wd‡i G‡jb †jwbb|
wKš‘ GLvb †_‡K cwÎKv cÖKvk Kivi KvR AmyweavRbK we‡ePbv K‡iB myBRvij¨v‡Ûi
†Rwbfvq P‡j G‡jb| Zvi m‡½ wQ‡jb µc¯‹vBqv| GKwU †QvU evwo fvov Ki‡jb `yRb|
Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ GB evwowU n‡q DVj wecex‡`i cÖavb Kg©‡¶Î| 1903 mv‡j †ejwRqv‡gi
ivRavbx Rgv‡qZ nj| GLv‡bB Rb¥ wbj ej‡kwfK cvwU©| 1905 mv‡ji Z…Zxq, 1906 mv‡_
PZz_©, 1907 mv‡ji cÂg Ks‡MÖ‡m wZwbB cÖavb wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †ck K‡ib| Ks‡MÖ‡m ej‡kwfK
msL¨vMwió Avi †gb‡kwfK‡`i g‡a¨ †h jovB P‡j Zvi K_v wZwb kªwgK mvavi‡Yi mvg‡b
Zz‡j a‡ib| GKUz GKUz K‡i hLb M‡o DV‡Q kªwgK †kªYxi wecex `j, wVK †mB mgq 1905
mv‡ji 9 Rvbyqvwi| GK nvRv‡iiI †ewk gvbyl gviv coj| i‡³i b`x e‡q †Mj mg¯— cÖvš—i
Ry‡o| GB ˆckvwPK NUbvq we‡¶vf Avi †µv‡a †d‡U coj mg¯— †`k| MY Av‡›`vj‡bi †WD
Qwo‡q coj †`‡ki cÖv‡š— cÖv‡š—| wewfbœ KviLvbvi kªwgKiv mivmwi cywj‡ki wei“‡×
jovB ïi“ K‡i| †`k Ry‡o ag©NU ïi“ nq| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avi †`‡ki evB‡i _vKv m¤¢e
bq, we‡ePbv K‡iB `xN© w`b ci ivwkqvq wd‡i G‡jb †jwbb| 5 wW‡m¤^i g‡¯‹v kn‡i
mvaviY ag©NU Avnevb Kiv nj| `yw`b ci GB ag©NU cÖZ¨¶¨ we‡`ªv‡ni i“c wbj| iv¯—v
iv¯—vq M‡o DVj e¨vwi‡KW| †ijjvBb Zz‡j †djv nj| kªwgKiv †h hv A¯¿ †cj ZvB wb‡q jovB ïi“ Kij| wKš‘ †kl i¶v nj bv,
Rv‡ii ˆmwbiv wbg©gfv‡e GB we‡`ªvn `gb Kij| nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl‡K e›`x K‡i wbe©vmb
†`Iqv nj| Pig AZ¨vPv‡ii g‡a¨ Rvi PvB‡jb wec‡ei †gi“`Û †f‡½ w`‡Z| wKš‘ gvby‡li
g‡a¨ R¡‡j IVv Av¸b‡K wK †bev‡bv hvq| 1907 mvj bvMv` wdbj¨v‡Ûi GK MÖv‡g wM‡q
Avkªq wbj †jwjb| GLv‡b _vK‡Zb Pvlxi QÙ‡e‡k| †bZviv wbqwgZ Zvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Zb| GB msev` Rv‡ii ¸ßPi‡`i Kv‡b wM‡q †cŠQj, Rv‡ii Zid †_‡K wdbj¨v‡Ûi miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q Aby‡iva Kiv nj †jwbb‡K e›`x K‡i Zv‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j †`evi Rb¨| †Mvc‡b GB msev`
†c‡q †`k Qvo‡jb †jwjb| wdbj¨vÛ cvi n‡q G‡jb óK‡nv‡g| †mLv‡b ZviB cÖZx¶vq wQ‡jb
µc¯‹vBqv| `yR‡b G‡jb †Rwbfvq| †`‡ki evB‡i †M‡jI †`‡ki m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM GK gyn~‡Z©i
Rb¨ wew”Qbœ nj bv| GKw`‡K †hgb †`‡ki mg¯— msev` wZwb msMÖn Ki‡Zb, Ab¨w`‡K Zvi
wek¦vmx AbyMvgx‡`i gva¨‡g ej‡kwfK cvwU©iKgx©‡`i Kv‡Q wb‡`©k Dc‡`k w`‡Zb|
ej‡kwfK cvwU©i gyLcvÎ cÖ‡jZvwi cwÎKv AvmZ
†Rwbfv †_‡K| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y GB cwÎKvi Awdm mwi‡q wb‡q Avmv nj c¨vwi‡m|
GLv‡b Av‡iv A‡bK cjvZK i“k wecex Avkªq wb‡qwQj| †mB mgq c¨vwim wQj wecex‡`i
wbivc` Avkªq¯’j| ivwkqv †_‡K wecex msMV‡bi G‡m Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv KiZ|
Gw`‡K ivwkqvq Av‡›`vjb µgkB †Rvi`vi n‡q DV‡Z
_v‡K| ej‡kwfK cvwU©i Zi‡d †h mg¯— cwÎKvi evi nZ Zvi Pvwn`v µgkB †e‡o PjwQj|
cvwU©i m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q †_‡K Av‡e`b Avm‡Z _v‡K mvßvwnK cwÎKv bq, PvB ˆ`wbK cwÎKv|
‡jwbb wb‡RI GKwU ˆ`wbK cwÎKv cÖKvk Kievi K_v
fvewQ‡jb| 1912 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nj kªwgK †kªYxi ˆ`wbK cwÎKv cÖvf`v| Gi A_© mZ¨| ‡jwbb
I ¯—vwjb hyMœfv‡e Gi m¤úv`K n‡jb| GB cwÎKv i“k wec‡ei †¶‡Î GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GB cwÎKvq ‡jwbb AmsL¨ iPbv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ QÙbv‡g|
GiB g‡a¨ †`Lv w`j wek¦hy×| wnsmª Db¥v`bvq †g‡Z
DVj wewfbœ †`k| †jwbb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb GB hy‡× my`~icÖmvix djvdj| Rv‡ii †jvnvi
†kKi AvjMv n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q| GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e|
1971 mv‡ji 16B GwcÖj `xN© `k eQi ci †`‡k
wdi‡jb| wZwb G‡m DV‡jb Zvi †evb Avbvi Avox‡Z| †jwbb‡K aievi Rb¨ cywjk nvbv w`j
Avbvi evox‡Z| wKš—y †mŠfvM¨µ‡g Av‡Mi w`b †mB evwo †Q‡o P‡j wM‡q‡Qb †jwbb| cywjk
mg¯— evwo ZQbQ K‡i †djj|
wec‡`i ¸i“Z¡ ey‡S †jwbb wcU©vmeyM© †Q‡o GK
Pvlxi QÙ‡e‡k cvwj‡q G‡jb mxgv‡š—i Kv‡Q ivRwj‡Z e‡j GK †QvU kn‡i|
wKš‘ GLv‡bI wekªvg †bevi mgq †bB| Kzu‡oN‡i e‡mB
iPbv Ki‡jb Zvi K‡qKwU weL¨vZ iPbv| GLv‡b †_‡KB wZwb wjL‡jb `ywU wPwV ej‡kwfK‡`i
¶gZv `Lj Ki‡Z n‡e-Ges gvKm©ev`I I mk¯¿ Af~¨Ìvb| Gi c‡iB wZwb P‡j G‡jb
wcUvm©ey‡M©i GK †Mvcb Av¯—vbvq| GLvb †_‡KB wZwb 1917 mv‡ji 1jv A‡±vei †NvlYv
Ki‡jb mk¯¿ wece Qvov ¶gZv `Lj Kiv m¤¢e bq| Awej‡¤^ ïi“ †nvK GB wece|
‡QvU †QvU mfvq †jwb‡bi GB wb‡`©k cÖPvi Kiv nj|
†bZ…¯’vbxq mK‡B G‡K G‡K Dcw¯’Z n‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| 24†k A‡±vei †jwbb G‡jb †m›U
wcUvm©eyM© kn‡ii †¯§vjwb fe‡b| GB feb nj wec‡ei m`i `ßi| Pviw`‡K †`Iqv nj
cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k| G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ hv‡Z wVKgZ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi e¨e¯’v
Kiv nj| ‡iW Mv‡W©i ˆmwbKiv cÖ¯—yZ nj| mvgwiK evwnbxi eû BDwbU G‡m †hvM w`j
Zv‡`i mv‡_|
Pzovš— mg‡q †NvlYv Kiv nj kµc‡¶i Dci AvNvZ nvbj
gyn~‡Z© Svuwc‡q coj wecex kªwgK Avi †iW Mv‡W©b ‰mb¨iv| 25 †k A‡±vei (bZzb
cwÂKv Abymv‡i 7B b‡f¤^i) ivZ †kl nevi Av‡MB †`‡ki ¸i“Z¡c~Y© me RvqMv `Lj K‡i
wbj wecex evwnbx| miKvix evwnbx evav ‡`Iqvi †Pó Kij| wKš‘ †mªv‡Zi gy‡L
LoKz‡Uvi gZ †f‡m †Mj Zviv| Rv‡ii A¯’vqx miKv‡ii m`m¨iv wM‡q Avkªq wbj Zvi kx‡Zi
cÖvmv‡`|
cÖvmv‡`i A`y‡iB mgy‡`ª `vuwo‡q hy× RvnvR
Av‡iviv| Av‡iviv †_‡K Kvgvb M‡R© Rvbvb w`j wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi| Zvici †NvlYv Kiv nj
K…wlRwg msµvš— HwZnvwmK mb`| GZw`b †`‡ki mg¯— Rwgi gvwjK wQj Rwg`vi Avi
f~¯^vgxiv| ZvB ‡`‡ki mg¯— Rwg †K‡o wb‡q K…lK‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j †`Iqv n‡e| evav Gj
†`‡ki wewfbœ cÖv‡š— Qwo‡q _vKv Rwg`vi,f~¯^vgx,ivRZ‡š¿i mg_©K‡`i KvQ †_‡K| GQvovI
†`‡ki g‡a¨ wQj AmsL¨ cÖwZwecex `j| `xN© Pvi eQi a‡i Zv‡`i wei“‡× wbiš—i msMÖvg
Pvjv‡Z n‡q‡Q †jwbb‡K| Ae‡k‡l M‡o D‡V‡Q mgvRZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’v|
GB gnv gbxlx AwZwi³ cwikª‡g ¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ c‡o
†jwb‡bi| Ae‡k‡l me©nvivi †bZv †jwbb 21†k Rvbyqvix 1924 mv‡j c„w_ex †_‡K wPi
we`vq †bb|
24
Avjvgv
†kLmvÕ`x (int)
[Allahma Shak Sadi (R.)]
[wLªóc~e©-1175-1295]
HwZnvwmK m¨vi
AvDmjx-Gi g‡Z, Avjvgv †kL mvÕ`x (int) 1175 wLªóv‡ã cvi‡m¨i dv‡im cÖ‡`‡ki
Aš—M©Z wmivR bM‡i Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GB aiv‡Z †eu‡P wQ‡jb AvbygvwbK 120 eQi|
Z‡e Zvui Rb¥ I g„Zz¨mvj wb‡q gZ‡f` Av‡Q| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z Zvui Rb¥ mvj 1193
wLªóvã Ges Avqy 120 eQi| wKš‘ gyRvddi DÏxb AvZv‡eK mvÕ` web R½xi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †h
wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡Z †Kvb wØgZ †bB| Rvbv hvq, cv‡ivm¨i kvmbKZ©v AvZv‡eK mv`
web R½xi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wZwb hLb KweZv wjL‡Zb ZLb Avcb bv‡gi mv‡_ mvÕ`x wjL‡Zb Ges G
bv‡gB wZwb myL¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| mv`xi wcZv ivR `iev‡i PvKwi Ki‡Zb Ges wZwb wQ‡jb
Lye avwg©K| d‡j ˆkke †_‡KB mvÕ`x agx©q Abykvm‡bi †fZi w`‡q M‡o D‡Vb| †Kvb Amr
m½ Zvu‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
‰kk‡eB Zvi g‡a¨
cwijw¶Z nq AmvaviY cÖwZfv| wk¶vjv‡fi cÖwZ wQj Zvi A¯^vfvweK AvMÖn| wKš‘ ˆkk‡eB
wcZv g„Zz¨eiY Kivq wZwb n‡q c‡ob wbZvš— BqvZxg I Amnvq| wcZvi Avw_©K Ae¯’vI fvj
wQj bv| miKvwi PvKwi K‡i wcZv †h mvgvb¨ †eZb †c‡Zb Zv w`‡qB LyeB Kó K‡i Zv‡`i
msmvi Pvjv‡Z nZ| wKš‘ wcZvi g„Zz¨‡Z msmv‡i †b‡g Av‡m Pig `vwi`ª¨Zv Ges Zvui
wk¶v jv‡fi Dci Av‡m gvivZ¥K AvNvZ| wKš‘ G AmvnvqZ¡ I `vwi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨I wZwb ˆah©
nvivbwb| †kL mvÕ`x (int)-Gi Rxeb‡K g~jZt PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv | cÖ_g 30 eQi MÖš’
iPbv Ges PZz_© 30 eQi AvZ¥vwaK wPš—v I mvabv|
wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci
wZwb wmivR bM‡ii RMw`qv gv`ªvmvq fwZ© nb| Kv‡iv g‡Z dviv‡mi kvmbKZ©v AvZv‡eK
mvÕ` web R½x `qvciek n‡q ¯^qs BqvZxg †kl mvÕ`xi Avkªq `vb I we`¨v wk¶vi e¨e¯’v
K‡iwQ‡jb| D³ gv`ªvmvq wbwðZg‡b †ewk w`b wk¶v jvf Kiv Zvui c‡¶ m¤¢e nqwb| KviY,
ZLb iv‡R¨i me©Î ivR‰bwZK wek„•Ljv I Akvwš— weivR KiwQj| wZwb D”P wk¶v jv‡fi
Avkvq `vwi‡`ª¨i mv‡_ jovB K‡i P‡j hvb evM`v‡`| evM`v‡` G‡m wZwb Abvnv‡i,
Aa©vnv‡i Ges Avkª‡qi Afv‡e w`‡bi ci w`b c‡_ c‡_ Ny‡i ‡ewo‡q wQ‡jb|
AZci wZwb GKRb
myü`q e¨vw³i mn‡hvwMZvq ¯’vbxq GKwU gv`ªvmvq fwZ© n‡q wk¶vjvf K‡ib| Zvi cÖwZfv,
Zx¶èeyw× Ges wk¶v jv‡f Zvi AmvaviY Drmvn DÏxcbv Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B Zvi wk¶K‡`i
my`„wó AvK…ó nq| Gici wZwb fwZ© nb evM`v‡`i wbhvwgqv gv`ªvmvq| ‡mLv‡b wZwb
weL¨vZ Av‡jg Avjvgv Aveyj dvZvn Be‡b RIRx int Gi Kv‡Q Zvdmxi, nvw`m wdKvnkv¯¿
wk¶v jvf K‡ib| Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb gv`ªvmvi cÖavb QvÎ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nb Ges
gvwmK e„wË jvf K‡ib| gvÎ 30 eQi eq‡m wZwb Zvdmxi , nvw`m, wdKvn, mvwnZ¨, `k©b
†Lv`vZË¡ Bmjv‡gi wewea wel‡q Amvgvb¨ cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| Avjvgv †kL mvÕ`x (int)
Gi R‡b¥i 10 eQi c~‡e© A_©vr 1165 wLªt 561wnt Zvcm †kªô †kL Ave`yj Kvw`i wRjvbx (int)
B‡š—Kvj K‡ib|
Zvi A‡jŠwKK
cÖfv‡ei K_v mgMÖ we‡k¦ cÖwmw× jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| †kL mvÕ`xi cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v jv‡fi
Aemi mg‡q ab¨ cyi“l‡`i Avkª‡g wM‡q AZxw›`ªq RM‡Zi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Zb| GZ`y‡Ï‡k¨
wZwb ZrKvjxb Zvcm †kL kvnveywÏb in Gi wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ab¨ cyi“l‡`i m½ jv‡f Aí
w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zvi ag©MZ cÖvY ZË¡Ávb I cy‡Y¨i Av‡jv‡K D™¢vwmZ n‡q D‡VwQj|
30 eQi eq‡m
cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v mgvwßi ci ïi“ nq Zvi ågY Rxeb| Ávb wccvmv PwiZv_© Kivi gvb‡m
msmvi ˆeivMxi b¨vq Lvwj nv‡Z wZwb c`eª‡R wePiY K‡i‡Qb RM‡Zi wewfbœ †`k Ges bvbv ¯’v‡b Dc‡`k weZi‡Yi
gva¨‡g †jvK‡`i ag© I mf¨Zvi c‡_ DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb| m¨vi AvDmjxi g‡Z cÖvP¨ RM‡Z
myweL¨vZ Be‡b eZzZvi c‡i c`eªvRK wn‡m‡e hvi bvg kx‡l© i‡q‡Q, wZwb n‡jb gvIjvbv
†kl mv`x `eªR ev Dôªc„ô e¨ZxZ hLb gi“f~wg cvi †Kvb Dcvq wQjbv ZLb †kL mvÕ`x (int)
k¦vc`m¼zj I Amf¨ ee©i Aa¨wlZ Rbc‡`i gZ mnmª wec` D‡c¶v K‡i c` eª‡R ågY K‡iwQ‡jb
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Ki| Avgvi K…Z cvc ¶gv K‡i cy‡Y¨i c_ cÖ`k©b Ki|
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bvgK GK e¨w³ j¨vwUb fvlvq AvgóviWvg bM‡i †ivmvwiqvg cwjwUKvg bvg w`‡q ¸wj¯—vi
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cÖf„wZ D‡jL‡hvM¨|
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Avkª‡gi evB‡i †h‡Zb| `~i `~ivš— †_‡K cÖwZw`b abx, Mixe, wkw¶Z, g~L©, ivRv, cÖRv
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mg‡eZ nZ| †kL mv`x (int) evj¨Kvj †_‡KB ˆ`wbK 4/5 N›Uv cweÎ †KviAvb †ZjvIqvZ
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Ae‡k‡l 1282
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`jKzkv bvgK ¯’v‡bi GK gvBj c~e©eZx© cvnv‡oi wb‡P Zvi mgvwa i‡q‡Q| mgvwa
wRqviZKvix‡`i cv‡Vi R‡b¨ mv`xi wbR nv‡Z †jLv GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ mgvwa M„‡n iw¶Z
Av‡Q| cvi‡m¨ G mgvwa M„n mv`xqv bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡q _v‡K|
25
Rb
wKUm
[John Keats]
[wLªóc~e©-1795-1821]
Ugvm wKUm&
GKwU Av¯—ve‡ji cwiPviK wQ‡jb| Av¯—ve‡ji Ic‡i ¯¿x‡K wb‡q _vK‡Zb Ugvm| ¯¿x Av¯—ve‡ji
gvwj‡Ki †g‡q| Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Ugvm‡K †h‡Z nZ gvwj‡Ki evwo‡Z| †mLv‡bB `yR‡bi cÖ_g
†`Lv| Gici fvjevmv, Avi fvjevmv †_‡K we‡q|
we‡qi GK eQi ci
1795 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m Ugv‡mi cÖ_g mš—v‡bi Rb¥ nq| †mB mš—v‡bi bvgB wKUm&|
`yÕnvRvi eQi Av‡M Ggwb GK Av¯—ve‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb †cÖ‡gi c~Rvix hxï| `y‡kv
eQi Av‡M †mB Av¯—ve‡jB Rb¥ wb‡jb †mŠ›`‡h©i c~Rvix Rb wKUm| gvby‡li N„Yvi g‡a¨B
AKv‡j †kl n‡q wM‡qwQj Zuv‡`i Rxeb| wKU‡mi R‡b¥i K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Rb¥ nj Zvi `yB
fvB RR© Avi U‡gi| wZb fvB‡qi g‡a¨ wKUm& wQ‡jb me‡P‡q my›`i| Avw_©K Am”QjZv
wQj bv| Rb wKUm& evev gv‡qi †mœ‡n my‡LB eo n‡q DV‡jb|
mvZ eQi eq‡m
Zv‡K Gbwd‡ìi ¯‹z‡j fwZ© K‡i †`qv nj| AvevwmK ¯‹zj| `xN©w`b ¯‹z‡j gb emv‡Z cv‡ibwb
Rb wKUm&| evwo‡Z wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ gb †Kgb KiZ| Pvu`‡i gyL jywK‡q Kuv`‡Zb
wZwb|
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wKU‡mi cÖK…wZ wQj Av‡eMcÖeY| †Kvb Kvi‡Y µz× n‡j wb‡R‡K mshZ ivL‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| G
¯^fv‡ei R‡b¨B Zvi ¯‹z‡ji eÜziv ejZ wKUm eo n‡j ˆmwbK n‡e| Aí wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B
†`Lv †Mj wKU‡mi gvivgvwi‡Z Avi †Zgb AvMÖn †bB, covïbv‡Z AvMÖn evo‡Q|
wKU‡mi ZLb bq
eQi eqm| Rxe‡b G cÖ_g AvNv‡Zi gy‡LvgywL n‡jb wZwb| †Nvov †_‡K c‡o gviv †M‡jb
Ugvm wKUm| wcZvi g„Zz¨i †kvK fyjevi Av‡MB gv Avevi we‡q Ki‡jb| GKwU wkïi Rxe‡b
G GK wbg©g cwinvm| ZvB cieZx©Kv‡j wKUm& wj‡LwQ‡jb,ÔÔRxe‡bi ïi“‡Z †h `yt‡Li
mv‡_ cwiPq n‡qwQj, †m AbyMZ ¯¿xi gZ †Kvbw`bB Avgvi m½ Z¨vM K‡iwb|ÕÕ
Ugv‡mi g„Zz¨i
ci wKU‡mi gv iwjÛm bv‡g GKRb‡K we‡q Ki‡jb| Aíw`‡bB `yR‡bi m¤ú‡K© duvUj aij| GK
eQ‡ii g‡a¨B weevn we‡”Q` n‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wb‡q evevi evwo wd‡i G‡jb wKU‡mi gv | wKUm ZLb `k eQ‡ii †Q‡j| `yÕeQi
†h‡Z bv †h‡Z Amy¯’ n‡q co‡jb wKU‡mi gv| fvB‡ev‡biv me †QvU, gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvIqv
Zv‡`i wb‡la wQj| wKUm gv‡K †mev Ki‡Zb| Zvi R‡b¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡Zb Zey&I Zv‡K euvPv‡Z
cvi‡jb bv|
1810 mv‡j gviv
†M‡jb wKU‡mi gv| givi Av‡M wb‡Ri ARv‡š—B ivR‡ivM h²vi exR w`‡q †M‡jb mš—vb‡K|
gv‡qi g„Zz¨i ci wcZ…-gvZ…nxb †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i `vwqZ¡ wb‡jb wgóvi G¨vwe| ¯‹z‡j wd‡i
G‡jb Rb wKUm| Avi eÜz evÜe‡`i m½ fvj jvMj bv| w`b ivZ covïbv wb‡q e¨¯— _v‡Kb|
gv‡S gv‡S g‡bi †Lqv‡j KweZv †j‡Lb| 15 eQi eq‡m ¯‹z‡ji cov †kl nj| wKU‡mi
Awffve‡Ki B”Qv wKUm& Wv³vwi co‡eb| Zv‡Z fwel¨‡Zi fvebv `~i n‡e| GK
ˆkjwPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wk¶vbwemx ïi“ nj| K‡qK eQi KvR Kivi ci †Wªmv‡ii mvwU©wd‡KU
†c‡jb|
Wv³vwi covi
R‡b¨ fwZ© n‡jb †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R| wKš‘ hvi g‡bi g‡a¨ †R‡M D‡V‡Q KweZvi †bkv,
nvmcvZv‡ji Qzwi, KvuwP, Jla, i“Mx Zvi fvj jvM‡e †Kgb K‡i| †mŠfvM¨µ‡g †m mgq Zvi
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nv‡›Ui Kv‡Q| nv›U _vK‡Zb n¨v¤ú‡ó‡W| miKv‡ii wei“‡× †jLvi R‡b¨ nv›U‡K GKevi †R‡j
†h‡Z n‡qwQj| bexb Kwe‡`i Kv‡Q nv›U wQ‡jb we‡`ªv‡ni cÖZxK| nv›U Zi“Y Kwe‡`i
bvbvfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zb|
nv‡›Ui mv‡_
cwiPq wQj 1816 mv‡j wKU‡mi Rxe‡bi GK D‡jL‡hvM¨ NUbv| nv›U wKU‡mi KweZv c‡o gy»
n‡jb, Zvu‡K Av‡iv KweZv †jLvi R‡b¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡jb| wZwb ïay Drmvn w`‡jb bv, Zuvi
KweZv c‡o fyj-µywU ms‡kvab K‡i bvbvb civgk© w`‡jb|
`yR‡bi g‡a¨
eÜzZ¡ M‡o DVj| Wv³vwi‡Z wKUm wb‡R‡K †eu‡a ivL‡Z cvi‡jb bv| wKUm Zvi `yB fvB‡K
wb‡q jÛb Z¨vM K‡i G‡jb n¨v¤ú‡ó‡W | GLv‡b Avmvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj nv‡›Ui m½ cvIqv|
wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B wKUm cÖKvk Ki‡jb Zvi cÖ_g KweZv msKjb| mK‡ji g‡b Avkv wQj G eB
wbðqB RbwcÖq n‡e| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ wKU‡mi, cwiwPZ wKQz †jvKRb Qvov G eB-Gi GKwU KwcI
wewµ nj bv| †hŠe‡b wKU‡mi wcÖq Kwe wQ‡jb GWgÛ †¯úbmvi| wKU‡mi cÖ_g KweZv msKj‡b
†¯úbmv‡ii cÖfve ¯úó j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G msKj‡b weL¨vZ KweZv| ÔÔOn first looking into chap man’s
HamerÕÕ
wKUm Pvcgv‡bi Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Kiv †nvgv‡ii BwjqvW c‡o GZ gy» n‡qwQ‡jb †h Zvi
g‡bi Abyf~wZ‡K G KweZvq cÖKvk K‡ib| Avi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv Nyg I KweZv|
cÖ_g Kve¨ msKj‡bi
e¨_©Zvq mvgwqK AvkvnZ n‡jb wKUm&| wKš‘ wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ bZzb Drmv‡n ïi“ Ki‡jb
Kve¨ mvabv|
1817 mv‡j †jLv
nj cÖ_g `xN© KweZv GwÛwgqb| G GK AmvaviY KweZv| GK hyeK P‡›`ªi †`ex‡K Pz¤^b
K‡i‡Q G ZviB eY©bv| GKwU cÖPwjZ Kvwnbx‡K Aej¤^b K‡i G KweZv †jLv n‡q‡Q| Kíbv I
†cÖ‡gi kw³‡Z gvbyl gZ©¨‡jv‡Ki mxgv cvi n‡q AgZ©¨‡jv‡K †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i G cÖZ¨‡qi
wfwˇZ GwÛwgqb M‡o D‡V‡Q| G KweZvi cÖ_g jvB‡bi g‡a¨B wKU‡mi Rxe `k©b dz‡U
D‡V‡Q| A thing of beauty
is joy forever.
wKU‡mi GK eÜz
eªvDb wb‡Ri evwo fvov w`‡q åg‡Y †ei n‡eb| wKUm‡K Zvi m½x nevi R‡b¨ Aby‡iva
Ki‡jb| Rb wKUm AvcwË Ki‡jb bv| ågY †kl K‡i wd‡i Avm‡Z †`L‡jb Zvi fvB Ug ¸i“Zi
Amy¯’| gv‡qi gZ †mI h¶v‡iv‡M Avµvš—| fvB‡K LyeB fvjevm‡Zb wKUm| wb‡RB Zvi ‡mev
cwiPh©v Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| G mgq 1817 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nj Zvi GwÛwgqb| wKUm Avkv
K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi G KweZv wbðqB L¨vwZ cv‡e| wKš‘ †m mg‡qi `yÕwU cwÎKv e¨vKDW
g¨vMvwRb Ges †KvqvUvwj© wiwfqy¨ Zxeª fvlvq wKU‡mi bv‡g mgv‡jvPbv wjLj| RNb¨ †m
AvµgY| wQj nvmcvZv‡ji wk¶vbexm, mL nj Kwe nevi-KweZvi bv‡g hv wj‡L‡Q †m †bnv‡qZ
wb‡e©v‡ai KvR|| KweZv †jLv †Q‡o hvI †n, †Zvgvi nvmcvZv‡j bqZ evevi Av¯—ve‡j|
GKw`‡K hLb
cwÎKvi mgv‡jvPbvq †f‡O c‡o‡Qb wKUm †m mgq Av‡iK AvNvZ| 1818 mv‡j 1jv wW‡m¤^i
gviv †Mj Ug| †ek wKQzw`b a‡iB fvB‡qi Avmbœ g„Zz¨‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb wKUm|
U‡gi g„Zz¨i ci gv‡S gv‡SB wKU‡mi g‡b nZ U‡gi g„Zz¨i Qvqv Gevi Zvu‡K MÖvm Ki‡e|
G gvbweK wech©‡q wKUm w¯’i Ki‡jb Avi KweZv bq| wKš‘ KweZv huvi i‡³ †Kgb K‡i
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Ggwb mg‡q
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gvby‡li Rxe‡bi j¶¨ AÜKvi †_‡K Av‡jvq| AÁZv †_‡K Áv‡bi RM‡Z DËiY| MÖxK †`eZv
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The Eve of St.
Agnes Bf Ae †m›U A¨vMwbm ga¨hy‡M GKwU wKse`š—x
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Av‡iKwU eo KweZv ÔÔThe
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wKUm KweZv Qvov
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Zv Ly‡R cvB Zvi wPwVi g‡a¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi gvbwmK, Zvi AvwZ¥K Rxe‡bi wewfbœ
Abyf~wZ| wKU‡mi cθ‡jv Zvui KweZvi gZ Abb¨mvaviY|
1820 mvj|
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GKwU gvm wKU‡mi Rxe‡bi `yt‡Li fvi nqZ mvgwqK jvNe n‡qwQj| 1820 mv‡ji 13B
†m‡Þ¤^i wKUm iIbv n‡jb BUvwji w`‡K| ZL‡bv Zvi g‡b Avkv wQj my¯’ n‡q wd‡i Avm‡eb|
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†jLv †mme wPwV wKU‡mi g„Zz¨i ci GK †Muvov cÖvPxbcš’x †jv‡Ki nv‡Z c‡owQj| wPwVi
Av‡eM fvlv †`‡L Zvi g‡b n‡qwQj G wPwV Zi“Y mgv‡Ri †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i nv‡Z co‡j Zviv
D”Q‡bœ hv‡e| ZvB †mme wPwV cywo‡q †d‡jwQj| Rvnv‡R †h‡Z †h‡Z wKUm gy³ AvKv‡ki
w`‡K ‡P‡q _vK‡Zb| †Pv‡L coZ aª“eZviv| g‡b nZ g„Zz¨i ci wZwb H aª“eZvivi mv‡_
GKvZ¥ n‡q hv‡eb| Zey&I aª“eZviv‡K wb‡q wjL‡jb GKwU KweZv, GwUB wKU‡mi
Rxe‡bi †kl KweZv|
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BUvwj‡Z †Kv_vq _vK‡eb wKQzB w¯’i Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb wKUm| G mgq ebiD †kjxi wPwV
†c‡jb| †kjx ZLb wQ‡jb wcqvm| e¨w³ Rxe‡b wKU‡mi Kwe cÖwZfvq Cl©vwš^Z n‡q
D‡VwQ‡jb †kjx| wKš‘ eÜzi wec‡`i w`‡b me wKQz fy‡j Zvu‡K Avgš¿Y Ki‡jb, Zzwg
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Awb”Qv _vKv
m‡Z¡&I wKUm‡K †h‡Z nj †iv‡g| KviY †m mgq h²v‡iv‡Mi me‡P‡q eo wPwKrmK Wv³vi
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26
M¨vwjwjI M¨vwjjvB
[Galilei Galilei]
[wLªóc~e©-1564-1662]
M¨vwjwjI M¨vwjjvB BZvwji wcmv bvgK kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib
1564 mv‡j| M¨vwjwjI M¨vwjjvB, AvaywbK †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi cÖvY cyi“l| wcZv wQ‡jb
e¨emvqx| Zvui m½xZ I A¼kv‡¯¿i cÖwZ wQj Mfxi AvMÖn|
M¨vwjwjIi gv wQ‡jb DMÖ ¯^fv‡ei gwnjv| mvgvb¨ e¨vcv‡iB
A‡b¨i cÖwZ ivM Avi we`ª“‡c †d‡U co‡Zb|
wcZvi Awb”Qv m‡Ë¡&I A¼kv‡¯¿i cÖwZ AbyivM Zvu‡K cwiYZ
K‡iwQj GK †kªô weÁvbx‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K wb‡Ri DMÖ ¯^fve I mnbkxjvZi Afv‡ei Rb¨ Pvicv‡k
M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb AmsL¨ kµ hv Zvui AeY©bxq `ytL K‡ói Rb¨ AvskxK `vqx|
‡Q‡j‡ejv †_‡KB M¨vwjwjIi g‡a¨ cÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡UwQj|wewPÎ
wel‡qi cÖwZ Zvui wQj †KŠZznj| Vallombrosa-i agx©q eB co‡Z co‡Z †mLvbKvi
agx©q wk¶K‡`i cÖfv‡e wZwb w¯’i Ki‡jb hvR‡Ki c_B Rxe‡b MÖnY Ki‡eb| hLb mgq cvb
cuyw_cÎ wb‡q e‡mb| we‡kl K‡i A¼| GK GK mgq A¼ Kl‡Z Kl‡Z e¨emvq K_v m¤ú~Y© fy‡j
†h‡Zb| M¨vwjwjIi wcZv Zvi G cov‡kvbvi cÖwZ AvMÖn †`‡L †kl ch©š— w¯’i Ki‡jb †h
c‡_ wbwðZv_© DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM Av‡Q Zv‡Z †Q‡j‡K fwZ© Ki‡eb| M¨vwjwjIi B”Qv wQj
A¼kv¯¿ wb‡q covïbv Kiv| wcZvi Av‡`‡‡k Wv³vwi covi Rb¨ wZwb fwZ© n‡j wcmvi
wek¦we`¨vj‡q|
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mZ¨ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z cvi‡jb bv| cÖwZwU K¬v‡m wk¶K‡`i bvbvb wel‡q cÖkœ K‡i weeªZ
K‡i Zzj‡Zb| wKš‘ Zv‡ZI Zvi gb mš—yó nj bv| wb‡Ri †QvUª N‡i M‡o Zzj‡jb GKUv
cix¶vMvi| AZx‡Zi cÖwZwU a¨vb-aviYv‡K wePvi Ki‡Zb, we‡klY K‡i †`L‡Zb Zvi g‡a¨
KZUzKz mZ¨ Avi KZUzKy wg_¨v|
G mgq M¨vwjwjI cwiwPZ n‡jb Zvi wcZvi eÜz wiwPi mv‡_|
wiwP wQ‡jb BUvwji ivRcwiev‡ii A‡¼i wk¶K| M¨vwjwj&I ZLb wcmv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
wØZxq e‡l©i QvÎ, gvÎ 19| GKw`b M¨vwjwj&I wiwPi ewo‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb, wiwP ZLb
Zvi N‡ii g‡a¨ Qv·`i BDwK¬‡Wi R¨vwgwZ cowQ‡jb| M¨vwjwjI N‡ii evB‡i `vwo‡q
wbtk‡ã ïb‡Z jvM‡jb Zvi e³…Zv| ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Zb¥q n‡q‡M‡jb| bZzb K‡i Avevi Zvi g‡bi
g‡a¨ †R‡M DVj A‡¼i cÖwZ `ywbe©vi AvKl©Y|
Wv³vwi eB Gi g‡a¨ jywK‡q †i‡L co‡Z Avi¤^ Ki‡jb BDwK¬W
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Pj‡Z jvMj A‡¼i PP©v| G mgq Zvi Rxe‡b NUj GKwU weL¨vZ NUbv|
GKw`b wZwb Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ wcmvi K¨vw_Wªv‡j e‡j
cÖv_©bv KiwQ‡jb| †m K¨vw_Wªv‡ji gvSLv‡b wQj GKUv weivU SvojÚb| GKRb Kg©Pvix
Zv‡Z cÖ`xc R¡vjvevi mgq Ab¨gb¯‹fv‡e bvwo‡q w`‡qwQj| cÖwZevi SvojÚb †`vjvi mv‡_
mv‡_ Zvi Nl©‡Yi AvIqvR n‡Z _v‡K| M¨vwjwj&I j¶¨ Ki‡jb µgkB SvojÚb `yjywb K‡g
Avm‡Q| wKš‘ cÖwZwU `yjywbi mv‡_ mv‡_ †h Nl©‡Yi AvIqvR n‡”Q, Zvi MwZ GK i‡q
wM‡q‡Q| Wv³viiv †hfv‡e bvwo †`‡L †mfv‡e GK`„‡ó †`L‡Z jvM‡jb SvojÚ‡bi †`vjb|
µgkB wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡jb SvojÚ‡bi †`vjvwbi g‡a¨ GKwU wbw`©ó Q›` Av‡Q| Gi †_‡K wZwb
Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡jb †cÛyjvg| M¨vwjwjI g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi †Q‡j G bKªv †`‡L ˆZwi K‡i‡Q‡jb
†cÛyjvg Nwo| eva¨ n‡qB Zvu‡K wek¦we`¨vjq Qvo‡Z nj Avi Zvui Wv³vwi wWMÖx †bqv
n‡jv bv| wZwb wd‡i G‡jb †d¬v‡i‡Ý|
Gevi Avi Wv³vix cix¶v DËxY© nIqvi wPš—v †bB| ïi“ nj
c`v_©we`¨v Avi A¼kv‡¯¿i Mfxi Abykxjb| †hgb wbôv †Zgwb GKvMÖZv| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B
wZwb `ywU wel‡qB cvi`kx© n‡q DV‡jb| evwoi Avw_©K Ae¯’v µgkt Lvivc n‡Z _v‡K|
eva¨ n‡q †Póv Ki‡Z jvM‡jb hw` †Kv_vI Aa¨vcbvi PvKwi cvIqv hvq| G mg‡q wcmv
wek¦we`¨vj‡q A‡¼i wk¶‡Ki GKwU c` Lvwj wQj gvB‡b Kzwo wkwjs| Zey&I mvb‡›` †m
c` MÖnY Ki‡jb M¨vwjwjI| ZLb wZwb cwPuk eQ‡ii Zi“Y|
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvwObvq cv ivL‡Z M¨vwjwjI †`L‡jb †h w`‡KB
ZvKvb ïay A¨vwióUj Avi Av¨vwióUj| wZwb hv wKQz e‡j wM‡q‡Qb ZvB mZ¨, Zv‡K wb‡q
fvebvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wKš‘ M¨vwjwjI Zvi A‡bK wKQzB gvb‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
A‡b‡K Zv‡K we`ª“c Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij, A‡b‡K Zvui ¯úa©v †`‡L
µz× n‡q DVj| wZwb ¯úó fvlvq ej‡jb, ÔÔ `ywU wRwbm‡K Dci †_‡K GKB m‡½ †dj‡j fvix
wRwbmwU Av‡M co‡e, nvjKv wRwbmwU c‡i gvwU ¯úm© Ki‡eÕÕ-A¨vwióU‡ji G Z_¨ f~j|
cÖK„Zc‡¶ `ywU wRwbm GKB m‡½ co‡e|
M¨vwjwjI ej‡jb, Avwg mK‡ji mvg‡b cÖgvY Kie Avgvi e³‡e¨i
mZ¨Zv|
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mv‡_ wb‡q M¨vwjwjI G‡jb wcmvi L¨vwZ †njv‡bv UvIqv‡ii mvg‡b| K‡qKRb‡K wb‡q wZwb
D‡V †M‡jb UvIqv‡ii gv_vq| GK nv‡Z GK cvD‡Ûi ej, `k cvD‡Ûi ej Ab¨ nv‡Z GKB mv‡_
gvwU ¯úk© Kij| M¨vwjwjIi wmÜvš— mwVK e‡j cÖgvwYZ nj| ZeyI A‡b‡K gvb‡Z cvi‡jb
bv| Zviv cÖPvi Ki‡Z jvM‡jb Gi g‡a¨ wbðqB †Kvb KvimvwR wQj|
wcmvi wWD‡Ki cyÎ ivRKzgvi Wb wRIfvwbœ wQ‡jb BwÄwbqvi|
wZwb GKUv hš¿ K‡iwQ‡jb ¯’vbxq e›`‡ii cwj cwi¯‹vi Kievi Rb¨| wWDK hš¿wU cix¶Ai
Rb¨ M¨vwjwjIi Kv‡Q cvwV‡q w`‡jb| me †`‡L ï‡b M¨vwjwjI ej‡jb hš¿wU Kv‡Ri
Abychy³| wRIfvwbœ µz× n‡q DV‡jb| Ab¨ mK‡ji mv‡_ wZwbI PvB‡jb M¨vwjwjIi weZvob|
d‡j wek¦we`¨vjq Qvo‡Z eva¨ n‡jb M¨vwjwjI|
M¨vwjwjIi K‡qKRb eÜz AbyivMx wQ‡jb| Zvu‡`i mvnv‡h¨ wZwb
cv`yqv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK c` †c‡jb (1592) gvB‡b c~‡e©i †P‡q A‡bK †ekx|
me‡P‡q eo K_v GLv‡b wZwb †c‡jb we`¨vPP©vi Av`k© cwi‡ek| GLv‡b M¨vwjwjI ïi“
Ki‡jb Zuvi bvbvb cix¶v-wbix¶v| iPbv Ki‡jb GKvwaK cÖeÜ| Zvui L¨vwZ Qwo‡q co‡Z
Avi¤¢ Kij mg¯— BD‡iv‡c|
Zvui gvB‡b Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡jb wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©c¶| Qv·`i
wfo mvgjvevi Rb¨ wZwb weivU GKwU evwo fvov wb‡jb|
gv‡S gv‡S me †Q‡o w`‡q wM‡q Avkªq wb‡Zb kn‡ii DcK‡Ú mgvR
cwiZ¨³v GK igbxi Kv‡Q| Zvi bvg gvwibv Mv¤^v| wKQzw`b ci Zv‡K wb‡Ri M„‡n wb‡q
Av‡mb| hw`I KL‡bv gvwibv‡K wZwb weevn K‡ibwb ZeyI DËiKv‡j Zvi M‡f© M¨vwjwjIi
wZbwU mš—vb Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQj|
G mgq bvbvb hš¿cvwZ ˆZix Ki‡jb| cÖ_‡g K¤úvm, Gi ga¨ w`‡q
†evSv‡jb c„w_exi Pz¤^KZ¡ kw³i K_v| Zvici cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ DbœZ ai‡bi wjfvi|
evZv‡mi DËvc cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ _v‡g©vwgUvi| G mg¯— hš¿cvwZi µgkB Pvwn`v evo‡Z
_v‡K| wZwb evwo‡Z ‡jvK ivL‡jb Zvu‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨| Gme Avwe¯‹v‡ii KZ…©c¶ Zuvi
gvB‡b Av‡iv evwo‡q w`j wKš—y Zey&I Zvui Afve `yi n‡jv bv| †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi
wel‡q g‡bvwb‡ek ïi“ K‡ib 1604 mvj †_‡K| G mgq AvKv‡k GKwU bZzb Zviv †`Lv †Mj| wewfbœ †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv ïi“ nj
†KD ej‡jb Dév, †KD ej‡jb bZzb †Kvb Zviv|
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wZwb ej‡jb, GwU †Kvb MÖn bq, DévI bq, †mŠigÛ‡j Aew¯’Z wbZvš—B GKwU Zviv| Zvi G
e³…Zv ïb‡Z `‡j `‡j †jvK G‡m nvwRi nj|
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Zvi mv‡_ wjL‡Z jvM‡jb MwZZË¡, wek¦ cÖK…wZ, kã Av‡jv is cÖf„wZ bvbvb wel‡qi Dci
iPbv|
mvjUv wQj 1609| Pviav‡i ¸Re †kvbv †Mj GKRb WvP Pkgvi
†`vKv‡bi Kg©Pvix KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKUv wRwbm K‡i‡Q Ggb hv w`‡q bvwK A‡bK `y‡ii
wRwbm †`Lv hvq| M¨vwjwjI K_vwU ïb‡jb| ïi“ nj wPš—v-fvebv| bvbvfv‡e cix¶v wbix¶v
Kivi ci GKwU duvKv b‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU DËj I GKwU AeZj †j݇K wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ emv‡Z
†`L‡Z †c‡jb eû `y‡ii evwowU g‡b n‡”Q K‡qK nv‡Zi g‡a¨ G‡m wM‡q‡Q| Zvici Avwe¯‹…Z
nj †Uwj‡¯‹vc|
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Zviv| Pviw`‡K Av‡jvob c‡o †Mj| cv`yqv wek¦we`¨vjq Zuvi K…wZZ¡‡K msea©bv Rvwb‡q
Zvu‡K AvRxeb Aa¨vcK c` w`‡jb|
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evwo‡Z KviLvbv K‡i cÖvq 100wUi gZ †Uwj‡¯‹vc ˆZix Ki‡jb| wb‡Ri Rb¨ ˆZix Ki‡jb
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cvnvo Avi wMwoLv`|
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Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡jb| wKš‘ wWDK Zvi Av‡e`‡b KY©cvZ Ki‡jb bv| Ae‡k‡l wWDK gviv
hvevi ci Zvi cyÎ wØZxq Kwmgv bZzb wWDK n‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb M¨vwjwjIi cÖv³b QvÎ|
wZwb ¸i“‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡jb| †m Avgš¿‡b mvov w`‡q wcmvi wek¦we`¨vj‡q A‡¼i wk¶K‡`i
c` †c‡jb K¬vm Kivi ev wcmvq _vKvi eva¨ eva¨KZv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡jb| wKš‘ mv‡_ mv‡_
Zvi Rxe‡b †b‡g Gj wech©q| Gi g~j KviY wQj †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi gZev`|
M¨vwjwjIi eû Av‡MB 1543 mv‡j †cvjv‡Ûi gnvb †R¨vwZ©we©`
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RxweZKv‡j cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
1611 mv‡j wZwb Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡jb m~‡h©i Dc‡i wKQz wPü| wZwb
Zvui K‡qKRb eÜz I AbyivMxi Kv‡Q Zvui Avwe¯‹v‡ii K_v cÖ_‡g cÖKvk Ki‡jb,
†Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi g‡Zi mg_©‡b cÖKvk Ki‡jb Zvi hyw³ I AwfgZ| µgkB Zvi †m a¨vb-aviYv
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GZw`b A¨vwióU‡ji g‡Zi wek¦vmx wQj Zv‡`i g‡b nj wb‡R‡`i cÖeve cÖwZcwË eywS Gevi
aŸsm n‡q hvq|
Gevi M¨vwjwjI µz× n‡q DV‡jb| wZwb Zvi wei“×ev`x‡`i Kv‡Q
†W‡K cÖ_‡g Zv‡`i cÖwZwU hyw³ AwfgZ ïb‡Zb Zvici mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU K_vq Zv‡`i mg¯—
hyw³‡K wQbœwfbœ K‡i w`‡Zb|
eÜziv Abyfe Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb M¨vwjwjIi wec‡`i w`b Nwb‡q
Avm‡Q| Zviv evisevi Zv‡K mveavb Ki‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ M¨vwjwjI Kv‡iv K_vq KY©cvZ
Ki‡jb bv| M¨vwjwjIi wei“‡× Awf‡hvM DV‡Z BbBKzBwRkv‡bi c¶ †_‡K M¨vwjwjI‡K †W‡K
cvVv‡bv nj|
26†k †deª“qvix 1616 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI wePviK‡`i mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z
n‡jb| Zvu‡K Av‡`k †`qv nj wZwb m~h© I c„w_exi mš^‡× †m me K_v cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb Zv
ag©wei“× myZivs wZwb G mš^‡× Avi †Kvb eB wjL‡Z cvi‡eb bv| †Kvb gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb bv| G Av‡`k Agvb¨ Ki‡j Zv‡K K‡Vvi kvw¯— †c‡Z n‡e|
wZwb Rvb‡Zb wK fq¼i kvw¯—i †evSv †b‡g Avm‡e Zvi Dci|
M¨vwjwjI ZvB A½xKvi c‡Î ¯^v¶i K‡i mg¯— Av‡`k †g‡b wb‡jb|
AcgvwbZ jvwÃZ e¨_© g‡bvi_ n‡q †d¬v‡i‡Ý wb‡Ri cwiev‡i
wd‡i G‡jb M¨vwjwjI| †Mvc‡b cybivq ïi“ Ki‡jb Zvui cwi¶v-wbix¶v| `y-GKRb Aš—i½
eÜz Qvov †KD Zvui †Kvb msev`B Rvb‡Z cvij bv|
`xN© c‡b‡iv eQi ci wZwb iPbv Ki‡jb Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’|
we‡k¦i cÖavb `ywU wbqg mš^‡× K‡_vcK_b| M¨vwjwjI †iv‡g wM‡q †cv‡ci Kv‡Q Zv cÖKvk
Kivi AbygwZ cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| †cvc wKQz wbw`©ó k‡Z© Zv cÖKvk Kivi AbygwZ w`‡jb|
wZbwU PwiÎ eBwU‡Z| GKRb †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi gZ‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb,
Avi GKRb U‡jvwgi mc‡¶ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Avi Z…ZxqRb wbi‡c¶| cÖ_g PwiÎwU
M¨vwjwjIi cÖwZ”Qvqv| wØZxq e¨w³ wmgwcwm I wKQzUv gRvi Avi †evKv ai‡bi †jvK|
1632 mv‡j eBwU cÖKvwkZ nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ Zv mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y
Kij| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B Zv Qwo‡q coj BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k| cwÛZ‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡jvob
m„wó nj| Aciw`‡K agx©q m¤cÖ`vq µz× n‡q DVj| Zv‡`i g‡b nj 1616 mv‡ji wb‡lavÁv
m¤ú~b© j•Nb K‡i G eB iPbv K‡i‡Qb M¨vwjwjI ZvQvov A‡b‡K cÖPvi Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij;
†cvc‡K we`ª“c K‡iB M¨vwjwjI gRvi PwiÎwU m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
mv‡_ mv‡_ eB‡qi cÖPvi eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`qv nj| eBwUi
mb¥‡× AwfgZ †`qvi Rb¨ GKwU KwgwU ˆZwi Kiv nj| KwgwU me wKQzi wePvi K‡i ivq w`j
M¨vwjwjI c~‡e©i wb‡lavÁv AeÁv K‡i G iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †iv‡g wePvi mfvq Dcw¯’Z nIqvi
Rb¨ M¨vwjwjI‡K Av‡`k †`qv nj| M¨vwjwjI ZLb mËi eQ‡ii e„×| eva¨ n‡q 1632 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤^i gv‡m wZwb †iv‡g G‡m nvwRi n‡jb|
`xN© Pvi gvm Aš—ixb _vKvi ci 1633 mv‡ji 12B GwcÖj wZwb
cÖ_g BbKzBwRkv‡bi mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| 30†k GwcÖj wZwb wØZxqevi †Kv‡U©i mvg‡b G‡m
nvwRi| K‡_vcK_b eBwU mš^‡× Zv‡K †Riv Kiv nj| wZwb f‡q eB-Gi wKQz Ask cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z PvB‡jb| Zvu‡K AbygwZ †`Iqv nj| wKš‘ cwieZ©b Kivi ciI wePviKiv mš‘ó n‡Z
cvi‡jb bv|
Rb gv‡mi 16 ZvwiL †cv‡ci mfvcwZ‡Z¡ mfv emj, G‡Z wVK nj
hw` M¨vwjwjI Zvi Aciva ¯^xKvi bv K‡i Zvui Dci AZ¨vPvi Kiv n‡e| 21 Zvwi‡L Zv‡K
Ab¨Î mwi‡q wb‡q hvIqv nq| ïi“ nj Zvi Dci AZ¨vPvi| M¨vwjwjI Zvi kvixwiK gvbwmK
me kw³ nvwi‡q †dj‡jb| †kl ch©š— me Awf‡hvM ¯^xKvi K‡i ¯^xKv‡ivw³ w`‡jb| 22
ZvwiL Zvi wei“‡× 1616 mv‡ji wb‡`©k j•Nb Kivi Rb¨ Ges ag©wei“× gZ cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨
Zvu‡K Awfhy³ Kiv nj| Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ e›`x K‡i ivLvi Av‡`k †`qv nj| wb‡`©k †`qv
nj fwel¨‡Z wZwb Avi †Kvb eB iPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wW‡m¤^i gv‡m wZwb ¸i“Zi Amy¯’¨
n‡q co‡jb|
cwi‡k‡m Zvi MÖvg Arcetry- †Z hvevi AbygwZ †`qv nj| Amy¯’
kix‡i bZzb D`¨‡g wZwb Avevi KvR ïi“ Ki‡jb| Gevi m¤ú~Y© †Mvc‡b iPbv Ki‡jb ÔÔ`ywU
bZzb weÁv‡bi wel‡q K‡_vcK_bÕÕ| G eB-Gi g‡a¨wZwb Zvi c~‡e©Kvi A‡bK cix¶v-wbix¶vi
K_v cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, †m m‡½ ejwe`¨vi g~j Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| AvBRvK wbDUb
cieZx©Kv‡j ejwe`¨vi †m mg¯— m~Î Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb, M¨vwjwjI Zvi wfwË cÖwZôv
K‡iwQ‡jb|
BUvwj‡Z cÖKvk Kivi mvnm nj bv G eB| †Mvc‡b wZwb cvwV‡q
w`‡jb nj¨v‡Û| †mLv‡b †_‡K 1638 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nj Zvi G Ag~j¨ m„wó| wKš‘ wb‡Ri
m„wó Pvcv Ae¯’vq †`Lvi †mŠfvM¨ nqwb Zvui| µgkB Zvi †Pv‡Li `„wó ¶xY †_‡K ¶xYZi
n‡q AvmwQj| ax‡i ax‡i cy‡ivcywi AÜ n‡q †M‡jb M¨vwjwjI|
Rxe‡bi †kl 5eQi wZwb AÜ Ae¯’vq KvUvb| G mgq Zvi B”Qv
Abymv‡i Zvu‡K †d¬v‡i‡Ý †h‡Z †`qv nj| wKQz evav-wb‡la wkw_j Kiv nj| BD‡iv‡ci
A‡bK ‡`k †_‡KB †kªó cwÛZiv Zvui Kv‡Q Avm‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| M¨vwjwjI ZLb Amy¯’¨, weQvbvq
kh¨vkvqx| Rxe‡bi †kl ch©v‡q Zvui Kv‡Q G‡jb AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii Zi“Y QvÎ wffvwb|
M¨vwjwjIi cÖ_g RxebxKvi| wZwb ‡mev-h‡Zœ M¨vwjwjIi †kl w`b¸‡jv fwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb|
M¨vwjwjI 1642 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m gviv hvb| g„Zz¨i wVK
Av‡Mi g~û‡Z© wZwb `yÕnv‡Z AvuK‡o a‡iwQ‡jb Zvi †kªô iPbv ÔÔThe Law of A Montion.
27
Aiwfj ivBU I DBjfvi
ivBU
[Orville Wright & Wilbur Wright]
[wLªóc~e©-(1867-1921)(1871-1948)]
Aiwf‡ji Ges
DBjev‡ii Rb¥ h_vµ‡g 1871 Ges 1867 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi B¸qvbv cÖ‡`‡k| `yB fvB‡qi g‡a¨
g‡bi wgj wQj Zv‡`i Kíbvkw³ I Zx¶è eyw×|
‡jLvcov †kl K‡i `yR‡b nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR Kivi R‡b¨ GKUv †QvU
KviLvbv ˆZwi Ki‡jb| Gici evBmv‡K‡ji DbœwZi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡jb| `ywU †¶‡ÎB Zvuiv
A‡bKvs‡k mdj n‡qwQ‡jb| Zvu‡`i cÖewZ©Z AvaywbK hš¿ e¨vcK RbwcÖq n‡qwQi| Z‡e
D‡ovRvnvR Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ `yB fvB‡qi L¨vwZ, Zvi wPš—vfvebv ïi“ nq 1896 mv‡j| Gi
Av‡M `yB fvB wg‡j †ekwKQz †Ljbv AvKvkhvb ˆZix K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv wQj Zvu‡`i kL| GKRb
Rvg©vb BwÄwbqvi A‡Uv wjwj‡qb_vj K‡qK eQi hver Doš— hvb wb‡q M‡elYv KiwQ‡jb| wjwj‡qb_v‡ji
ˆZix hvb AvKv‡k Do‡jI Zv‡Z bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó nZ|
wjwj‡qb_v‡ji AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨‡Z M‡elYvi KvR m¤ú~Y© eÜ n‡q
hvq1896 mv‡j| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zvi ciB ivBU fvB‡qiv Doš— hv‡bi Kjv‡KŠk‡ji w`‡K Szu‡K
c‡o| wjwj‡qb_v‡ji ˆZix Doš— hv‡bi bKkv cix¶v K‡i ivBU fvB‡qiv †`L‡jb GKw`‡K
†hgb Am¤ú~Y© Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb fyjµzwU‡Z fiv|
M‡elYvi KvR ïi“ K‡i cÖ_‡gB ivBU fvB‡`i g‡b nj Doš— hvb‡K
ïaygvÎ †Ljvi wRwbm wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡j KL‡bB Zv RbwcÖq n‡e bv Ges e¨envwiK †¶‡ÎI
Zvi †Kvb fwel¨r †bB| DbœZ †Kvb c×wZ D™¢veb Ki‡Z n‡e| ïi“ nj Zvu‡`i Ab¨ cÖ‡Póv|
Gi Av‡M Zviv Doš—hvb mš^‡× hZ KvRKg© K‡i‡Qb Zvi mg¯—
weeiY msMÖn Ki‡jb| cÖwZwU bKkv weeiY cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e we‡klb K‡i Zvuiv eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb ïaygvÎ evZv‡mi MwZ‡e‡M G‡K †ewk`yi Pvjbv Kiv hv‡e bv, cÖ‡qvRb kw³PvwjZ
Bwćbi hv GKgvÎ cvi‡e Doš— hvb‡K MwZ w`‡Z| wKš—y †Kgb n‡e BwÄb, Zvi cÖK…wZ †Kgb
n‡e, wKQz‡Z wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv| cix¶v-bxwi¶v Pj‡Z _v‡K| cÖwZeviB mg¯—
cÖ‡Póv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq| wKš—y Ávbx gvbyl‡`i e¨_© n‡j P‡j bv| ïi“ nj Aa¨qb
Avi Aa¨vemvq| c~e©m~ix‡`i cÖ‡Póv †Kgb wQj wm wel‡q cÖPzi †jLvcov|
ivBU fvB‡`i g‡bi g‡a¨ †R‡M D‡VwQj ¯^cœ Ggb hš¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z †P‡c gvbyl †f‡m hv‡e bxj AvKv‡k| ¯^cœ‡K ev¯—‡e i“c †`‡Z `yB fvB †QvU
GKwU KviLvbv ˆZwi Ki‡jb| `xN© GK eQ‡ii mvabvq ˆZix nj GK wekvj MvBWvi| GZw`b
†h ai‡bi MvBWvi Zvi †P‡q G‡Kev‡i ¯^Zš¿| G MvBWvi evZv‡m fvimvg¨ †i‡L mn‡RB
D‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| MvBWvi-Gi mvd‡j¨ AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ivBU fvB‡qiv ˆZix Ki‡jb `yB
cvLvwewkó †QvU wegvb| G wegv‡bi mvg‡b I †cQ‡bi fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ GKUv †QvU hš¿
Ry‡o †`qv nj| Gi bvg Gwj‡fUi|
G Gwj‡fU‡ii mvnv‡h¨B cvBjU †Kvb wegvb‡K wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| mg¯— wbg©vY KvR †kl nIqvi ci kni †_‡K `~‡i GK wbR©‡b G `yB cvLvIqvjv
wegvb‡K ï‡b¨ fvwm‡q †`Iqv nj| †ek K‡qKevi wegvb‡K AvKv‡k Dovevi ci `yB fvB
eyS‡Z cvi‡jb GL‡bv Zv‡`i D™¢vweZ wegv‡b Kjv‡KŠk‡ji wKQz cwieZ©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Avevi ïi“ nj Zv‡`i Kg©hÁ| Gevi j¶¨ wKfv‡e MvBWv‡K kw³PvwjZ
Kiv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi BwÄb wb‡q cwi¶v-wbix¶v Kivi ci †`Lv †Mj GKgvÎ †c‡Uªvj
PvwjZ †QvU BwÄbB wegvb Pvjbvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZ wZb cvDÛ IR‡bi Rb¨
GK Ak¦kw³ m¤úbœ BwÂb cÖ‡qvRb| evRv‡i †h mg¯— BwÄb cvIqv hvq Zvi cÖwZwUB Mvwoi
e¨env‡ii Rb¨,wegv‡b e¨env‡ii Abychy³| `yB fvB BwÄb ˆZixi Kv‡R nvZ w`‡jb| K‡qK
gv‡mi †Póvq ˆZix nj wegv‡b e¨env‡ii Dchy³ BwÂb| A‡bK cÖZ¨kvi †mB w`bwU Gj wKš—y
†KD GK_v wek¦vm Kij bv| w`bwU wQj KbK‡b VvÛv 17B wW‡m¤^i 1903| DBjevi I Aiwfj
Zvu‡`i ˆZix wegvb wb‡q G‡jb Kitty Hawk kn‡ii cÖv‡š—| gvbyl wegv‡b †P‡c
gnvk~‡b¨ cvwLi gZ ‡f‡m †eov‡e| G msev` Av‡MB knigq cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj|
AvKv‡k Do‡e wegvb| mg¯— hš¿cvwZ †klev‡ii gZ cix¶v Ki‡jb|
†kl ch©š— `yB fvB wbwðZ n‡jb Zvu‡`i ˆZwi cÖ_g Giv‡cb Iovevi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
cÖ¯‘Z n‡q‡Q| hw`I †m mgq G‡iv‡cb Iovevi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z n‡q‡Q| hw`I †m
mgq G‡iv‡cb K_vUvi m„wó nqwb| bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q ivBU d¬vBqvi| `yB fvB GwM‡q G‡jb|
mgm¨v ‡`Lv w`j,`yÕR‡bi RvqMv Ges IR‡bi| GKB mv‡_ `yRb wb‡q Do‡Z cvi‡e bv| Zvn‡j
†K cÖ_g AvKv‡k DVvi `yj©f mb¥vb cv‡e| cÖ_g G‡iv‡cb wbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R `yR‡biB †Zv
mgvb Ae`vb| cwi‡k‡l wVK nj jUvwii gva¨‡g wVK n‡e †K cÖ_g G‡iv‡cb Pvjv‡e| weRqM‡e© wegv‡bi Avm‡b wM‡q
em‡jb Aiwfj| `vuwo‡q iB‡jb DBevi| ZLb †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z gvÎ cvuPRb gvbyl| Kitty Hawk -Gi gvby‡liv KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡iwb hyMvš—Kvix NUbv NU‡Z
P‡j‡Q Zv‡`iB kn‡i| Aiwfj wegv‡bi cÖ‡cjvi Pvjy Ki‡jb| DBjevi wegv‡bi m‡½ evav
`woUv Ly‡j w`‡jb|
Zvici mg¯— kw³ w`‡q Doš— hvb‡K †Vj‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| mvgvb¨
`~i wM‡qB evZv‡mi eyK wP‡i k~‡b¨ D‡o Pjj cÖ_g wegvb| wKQz`yi wM‡q GKevi cvK
†Lj| Zvici ax‡i ax‡i gvwU‡Z †b‡g Gj| Nwo‡Z †`Lv †Mj ev‡iv †m‡KÛ evZv‡m †f‡mwQj
ivBU fvB‡`i cÖ_g G‡iv‡cb| Dcw¯’Z cvuPRb GgbwK ivBU fvBivI †mw`b Kíbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb, H ¯^í¶‡Yi wegvbhvÎvB GK bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv Kij|
wbivc‡` AeZiY K‡i Aiwfj wegvb †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡jb| Gevi
DBjev‡ii cvjv| fvB‡qi mvd‡j¨ D¾xweZ n‡q DBjevi AvKv‡k †f‡m iB‡jb DblvU †m‡KÛ|
cÖvq 820 wdU `yiZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡jb| Zvici ax‡i ax‡i gvwU‡Z AeZiY Ki‡jb| ‡mw`b Avi
AvKv‡k Iov m¤¢e nqwb| S‡ov evZv‡mi ‡eM evowQj| mK‡j †h hvi Avevm¯’‡j wd‡i
†M‡jb|
‡mB HwZnvwmK gyn~‡Z©i K_v ¯^iY K‡i cieZx©Kv‡j DBjevi
wj‡L‡Qb, gvby‡li BwZnv‡m †mB cÖ_g †Kvb hš¿ wb‡Ri kw³‡Z gvbyl‡K Amxg AvKv‡k
Dwo‡q wb‡q wM‡qwQj,GKB MwZ‡e‡M †f‡m †ewo‡qwQj| Zvici wbivc‡` †b‡g G‡mwQj
c„w_exi ey‡K|
c„w_exi gvbyl †mw`b †mB HwZnvwmK NUbvi K_v wKQzB Rvb‡Z
cv‡iwb| ïay Kitty Hawk knigq cÖPvi n‡q wM‡qwQj `yRb
gvbyl †Kvb GK A‡jŠwKK kw³‡Z wKsev hv`yg‡š¿ cvwLi gZ AvKv‡k D‡owQj| ¸R‡e Kvb
w`‡jb bv ivBU fvB‡qiv| mvd‡j¨i Avb‡›` `yR‡bB AvZ¥nviv| KÕw`b K‡U †Mj| cÖv_wgK
D‡ËRbvi †ikUzKz w¯—wgZ n‡q Avm‡Z bZzb D`¨‡g Avevi cix¶v wbix¶vq Svuwc‡q co‡jb
`yB fvB| Avevi ˆZix nj Av‡Mi †P‡q eo Avi kw³kvjx wegvb| GZw`b hv wQj ïaygvÎ
Zvu‡`i Rvbv AvR †_‡K wek¦evmxi mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e †m Lei|
Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq cÖwZwU msev`c·K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡jb Zvu‡`i
AvKv‡k Iovi `„k¨‡K cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z| AwaKvsk cwÎKvi †jv‡KivB Zv Awek¦vm Kij| ïaygvÎ
wbQK †KŠZzn‡jB Zviv wbw`©ó w`‡b G‡m Rgv‡qZ nj| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ Zvu‡`i| †mw`b So
eBwQj| bZzb BwÂbUvI wVKgZ KvR KiwQj bv| wKQz¶Y A‡c¶v K‡i AvKv‡k Iovi cwiKíbv
evwZj Ki‡Z nj Zuv‡`i|
mvsevw`Kiv Zv‡`i cÖPvi wg_¨v m‡›`n Kij| G wech©‡q
mvgwqKfv‡e `yB fvB †f‡O co‡jI ax‡i ax‡i gvbwmK kw³ wd‡i †c‡jb| Avevi bZzb D`¨‡g
Svwc‡q co‡jb| Aiwf‡ji B”Qv wQj Av‡iKevi mvsevw`K m‡b¥jb ‡W‡K wb‡R‡`i mg¯— e³e¨
cÖKvk Ki‡eb| DBjevi fvB‡K evav w`‡q ej‡jb, ïaygvÎ cÖPvi K‡i wK jvf! Zvn‡j †Zv
Avgiv †ZvZvcvwLi gZ ne, hviv I‡o K_v e‡j eg| AiwfjI †g‡b wb‡jb DBjev‡ii e³e¨|
Avevi ïi“ nj wbiwew”Qbœ Kg©cÖ‡Póv|
wegv‡bi KvRKg© cix¶v-wbix¶v Ki‡Z Ki‡Z BwZg‡a¨ cÖvq wbt¯^
n‡q c‡owQ‡jb `yB fvB| wKQzUv wbi“cvq n‡qB mvgwqKfv‡e AvKv‡k Iovi cwiKíbv eÜ
†i‡L e¨emvi Kv‡R gb w`‡jb| evRv‡i hZ avi †`bv n‡qwQj Zv cwi‡kva Ki‡jb| mvgvb¨
wKQz A_© mwÂZ n‡Z Avevi wegvb ˆZwii M‡elYvq g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡jb| Zv‡`i Avk¼v wQj
hw` Ab¨ †KD wegvb ˆZwi K‡i me©mg‡¶ AvKv‡k D‡V †eovq| KviY †m mgq BD‡iv‡cI wKQz
gvbyl Doš—hvb wb‡q M‡elYv KiwQj|
Gevi Avi wedjZv bq mK‡j wegy» `„wó‡Z †P‡q _v‡K ivBU
fvB‡`i AvKv‡k Ioevi `„k¨ j¶¨ Kivi Rb¨| `yB fvB cvwLi gZ ¯^v”Q‡›` AvKvkc‡_
wegv‡b D‡o P‡j‡Q| evZv‡mi gZ msev` Av‡gwiKv I BD‡ivcmn mviv wek¦ Qwo‡q c‡o|
PZzw`©K †_‡K cÖksmv Avi Awfb›`b evZ©v Avm‡Z _v‡K|
Zey&I wb‡R‡`i AMÖMwZ‡Z mš‘ó n‡Z cv‡ibwb `yB fvB|
Av‡iv DbœZ ai‡Yi wegvb ˆZwi Kivi cwiKíbv K‡ib| wKš—y DbœZ wegvb ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖPzi
A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| GwM‡q Av‡m GK weivU wmwÛ‡KU| ZvivB cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©
cÖ`v‡bi mefvi MÖnY K‡i| bZzb wmwÛ‡KU Av‡gwiKvb Mfb©‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ Pzw³e× nj| Aiwfj
Pzw³i kZ© Abymv‡i Av‡gwiKvq i‡q †M‡jb, D‡Ï‡k¨ Av‡iv DbœZ ai‡bi wegvb ˆZix Kiv|
DBjevi d«v‡Ý †M‡jb| †mLv‡b †`Lv‡jb wegv‡b Ioevi Kjv‡KŠkj| d«v‡Ýi eû MY¨gvb¨
e¨w³ cÖwZw`b Zvui mv¶vr Ki‡Z AvmZ|
GLv‡bB cÖ_g DBjevi GKRb mnhvÎx wb‡q GKN›Uv k~‡b¨ wegvb
Pvjv‡jb| †mB cÖ_g GBB mv‡_ `yRb gvbyl wegv‡b DVj| d«v‡Ýi GK cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb
weivU A‡_© DBjev‡ii KvQ †_‡K Zvu‡`i
Avwe¯‹…Z †c‡bi †c‡U›U wK‡b wbj| G A‡_©B ivBU fvB‡`i A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb nj|
GKw`b Av‡gwiKvq Aiwfj ivBU mvgwiK evwnbxi GK Awdmvi‡K wb‡q AvKvkc‡_ Ny‡o
†eov‡bvi mgq AvKw¯§Kfv‡e GKUv cÖ‡cjvi †f‡½ gvwU‡Z c‡o †Mj|
‡mŠfvM¨µ‡g Aiwf‡ji cÖvY i¶v n‡jI m½x Awdmvi `yN©Ubv¯’‡jB
gviv †M‡jb| mg¯— c„w_ex Ry‡o Qwo‡q c‡o Zv‡`i L¨vwZ| KviY c„w_exi mvg‡b Zvuiv
G‡b w`‡q‡Q GK bZzb MwZ| M‡o DVj wegvb ˆZwii KviLvbv| bZzb bZzb wegvb ˆZwii mv‡_
mv‡_ Zi“Y hyeK‡`i wegvb Pvjbvi cÖwk¶Y w`‡Zb ivBU fvB‡qiv| Ae‡k‡l 1912 mv‡j
DBjevi gviv †M‡jb| Aiwfj Zvic‡iI eû eQi †eu‡P wQ‡jb| Avg„Zz¨ wZwb wegv‡bi Dbœqb
I Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R Rxeb DrmM© K‡i wM‡q‡Qb|
28
gvI †m Zzs
[Mao se Tung]
[wLªóc~e© (1893-1976)]
gvI †m Zzs 1893 mv‡j 26†k wW‡m¤^i Px‡bi ûbvb cÖ‡`‡ki GK
MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv wQ‡jb MÖv‡gi me‡P‡q abx e¨w³| PvlevmB wQj Zvi wcZvi
cÖavb †ckv| gvI †m Zzs MÖv‡gi ¯‹y‡jB covïbv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb|
covïbvi cÖwZ Zvi wQj Mfxi AvMÖn Ges cvV¨m~wPi evB‡iI hLb
†h eB †c‡Zb ZvB co‡Zb| Zv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk AvKl©Y KiZ Px‡bi BwZnvm m¤ú©wKZ eB| gvI
†m Zzsiv wQ‡jb Pvi fvB‡evb| wZb fvB I GK †ev‡bi g‡a¨ gvI †m Zzs wQ‡jb mevi eo|
c‡i Zvi `yB fvB KwgDwbó Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q wbnZ nq| MÖv‡g ¯‹z‡ji cvV †kl K‡i
wKQzw`b MÖv‡gB covïbv Ki‡jb| cÖvq †Rvi K‡iB evevi B‡”Qi wei“‡× ûbv‡bi cÖv‡`wkK
kn‡i G‡jb| fwZ© n‡jb GLvbKvi nvB ¯‹z‡j| GB mgq wbqwgZ ¯’vbxq jvB‡eªix‡Z wM‡q
covïbv Ki‡Zb| K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨B wZwb jvB‡eªixi A‡a©‡Ki †ewk eB c‡o †kl K‡i
‡d‡jwQ‡jb|
1918 mv‡j 25 eQi eq‡m wZwb G‡jb wcwKs kn‡i| GB cÖ_g wZwb
cÖ‡`k †Q‡o †ei n‡jb| Rxe‡bi GB ch©v‡q `y‡ejv `ygy‡Vv Lvevi msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Zv‡K
K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡Z nZ| GK eQi ci gvI †m Zzs wd‡i G‡jb Zvi MÖv‡g| ¯’vbxq GKUv
cÖvBgvwi ¯‹z‡j wk¶KZvi KvR †c‡jb| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B wZwb gZv`kx© K‡qKRb Zi“Y‡K mv‡_
wb‡q GKwU cwÎKv †ei Ki‡jb|
1921 mv‡j Pxbv KwgDwbó cvwU© M‡o DVj| Gi 50 Rb cÖwZôvZv
m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ gvI †m Zzs I wQ‡jb| BwZc~‡e© gvI †ek wKQz ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_
cÖZ¨¶fv‡e hy³ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb| †mB mgq Px‡b mvbBqvr †m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡i Kz‡qvwgsZvs `j
Ab¨Zg cÖavb ivR‰bwZK kw³| Pxbv KwgDwbó `j Ges Kz‡qvwgsZvs Gi g‡a¨ mshy³ HK¨ M‡o
DVj|
ivwkqvb KwgDwbó cvwU©i Zi‡d G HK¨‡K mg_©b Rvbv‡bv nj| wPqvs
KvB‡kK †M‡jb g‡¯‹v‡Z| †mLv‡b Zv‡K mvBqvr †m‡bi DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ Kiv
nj|
BwZg‡a¨ gvI weevn K‡i‡Qb GK wk¶‡Ki Kb¨v Bqvs KvB ûB‡K|
ûB wcwKs wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎx Ae¯’v‡Z KwgDwbó Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ Rwo‡q c‡ob| †mB
m~‡ÎB `yR‡b wbKU mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡mb| 1930 mv‡j Av‡›`vj‡bi Kv‡R RwoZ _vKvi mg‡qB
wbnZ nb ûB|
Ges `yB ivR‰bwZK `j HK¨eÜfv‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ Pzw³e× n‡jI
Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B Zv‡`i g‡a¨ `„wófw½MZ we‡f` cÖKU n‡q DVj| gvI Gi Dci fvi wQj GB
`ywU `‡ji g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv|
Pxb wQj g~jZ K…wlwfwËK †`k| †`‡ki kZKiv Avwk Rb gvbylB
wQj K…wlwbf©i| ˆZwi nj RvZxq K…lK Av‡›`vjb msMVb| GB msMV‡bi cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡
†`Iqv nj gvI Gi Dci|
Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B KwgDwbó cvwU© Ges gvI Gi mvg‡b GK msKU
†`Lv w`j| gvI Mfxfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb MZvbyMwZK c‡_ bq, K…lK‡`i ga¨ †_‡KB
wecexK msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| 1927 mv‡j wZwb ûbv‡bi K…lK Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci GK
we¯—vwiZ cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i cvwU© †bZ…‡Z¡i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jb, Awej‡¤^ †`k Ry‡o
K…lK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv †nvK| `‡ji AwaKvs‡kiB G e¨vcv‡i m¤§wZ wQj bv| Zviv
†KŠZzK K‡i ejj †Mu‡qv‡`i Av‡›`vjb| gvI‡qi cÖ¯—ve mgw_©Z nj bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I `‡ji
g‡a¨ †ek wKQz m`m¨ Gi mg_©‡b mwµqfv‡e GwM‡q Gj|
K…lK Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ GB cÖKvk¨ mg_©‡b Kz‡qvwgsZvs Gi
mv‡_ we‡iva cÖKU n‡q DVj| mv‡_ mv‡_ Kz‡qvwgsZvs Gi mfvcwZ wPqvs KvB‡kK Gi
KwgDwbó we‡ivax g‡bvfve ¯úó n‡q dz‡U DVj| †`k Ry‡o ïi“ nj KvwgDwbó‡`i cÖwZ mwµq
we‡ivwaZv| wbwl× Kiv nj K…lK I kªwgK msMVb¸‡jv‡K| `‡ji AwaKvsk †bZv‡K e›`x Kiv
nj| mvaviY Kg©Pvix‡`i Dci ïi“ nj AZ¨vPvi|
gvI †m Zzs AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i cvwj‡q G‡jb ûbv‡b | bZzb K‡i
K…lK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi Kv‡R nvZ w`‡jb| †mB mgq dmj KvUvi KvR ïi“ n‡q‡Q| gvI
†m Zzs †¶ZgRyi‡`i wb‡q ïi“ Ki‡jb kirKvjxb km¨ Av‡›`vjb| wKš‘ Av‡›`vj‡bi we¯—vi
NUvi Av‡MB wPqvs KvB‡k‡Ki AbyMvgxiv Svwc‡q coj Av‡›`vjbKvixi Dci| wbg©g nv‡Z
†f‡½ †`Iqv nj Av‡›`vjb| aivI co‡jb gvI| Zv‡K nZ¨vi lohš¿ Kiv nj| K‡qKRb eÜzi
mnvqZvq e›`x`kv †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡q cuÖvY evuPv‡jb gvI| wKš‘ Zvi GB Av‡›`vjb‡K
mg_©b Rvbvj bv KwgDwbó cvwU©i KwgDwbó cvwU©i †Kw›`ªq KwgwU| gvI‡K `‡ji
cwiUey¨‡iv Ges `‡ji mvaviY mvwgwZ †_‡K c`Pz¨Z Kiv nj|
gvI `‡ji g‡a¨ GZLvwb RbwcÖq n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb, `‡ji †K›`ªxq
KwgwUi wm×v‡š— mvgvb¨Zg wePwjZ n‡jb bv| wZwb Zvi ivR‰bwZK weP¶YZv, `~i`wk©Zv
w`‡q Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb mk¯¿ msMªvg Qvov cÖwZwecex kw³‡K DrLvZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e
bv| DËi I ga¨ Px‡b M‡o †Zvjv nj †QvU †QvU wecex msMVb| ûbv‡bi mxgvš— cÖ‡`‡k gvI
msMwVZ Ki‡jb cÖvq GK nvRvi K…lK‡K| ivZ KvUv‡Z nq cvnv‡o R½‡j| †mLv‡bB P‡j gnov|
we‡`ªvnx‡`i wei“‡× e¨e¯’v †bIqvi Rb¨ GK `j ‰mb¨ cvVv‡bv
nj| gvI Rvb‡Zb gy‡LvgywL hy‡× Rqjvf Am¤¢e| ïi“ nj cvnvo-R½j †_‡K AZwK©Z AvµgY|
K‡qKw`‡bi g‡a¨B civwRZ nj mg¯— †mbvevwnbx| Zv‡`i A¯¿ †K‡o †bIqv nj|
cÖej kxZ Avi Abvnv‡i K…lK evwnbxi A‡b‡KB gviv c‡o‡‡Q|
wKš‘ A`g¨ g‡bvej, mvnm, Avi D`¨‡g Aewkó‡`i wb‡q M‡o Zzj‡jb Zvi jvj †dŠR| G jvj
†dŠ‡Ri mnvqZvq †QvU †QvU AÂj `Lj K‡i †mLv‡b ¯^vaxb miKvi M‡o Zzj‡jb|
1928 mvj bvMv` Zvi mvnv‡h¨K…lK †bZv Pz‡Z weivU evwnbx
wb‡q GwM‡q Gjb| PzgvI Gi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm Ki‡Zb|
GB mgq KwgDwbó cvwU©i AwaKvsk m`m¨B AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡iwQj|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zv‡`i Kvh©aviv GZLvwb mxwgZ n‡q c‡owQj, gvI n‡q DV‡jb KwgDwbó cvwU©i
Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav|
g‡¯‹v‡Z AbywôZ KwgDwbó cvwU©i Avš—RvwZ©K m‡b¥j‡b óvwjb
gvI Gi wecex cÖ‡Póv‡K mg_©b Rvbv‡jb| Zv‡K Avevi `‡ji †Kw›`ªxq KwgwU I
cwjUey¨‡ivi m`m¨ wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ Kiv nj|
wPqvs KvB‡kK Zvi evwnbx‡K Av‡`k w`‡jb KwgDwbó‡`i mg~‡j
webvk Ki‡Z| 1930 †Z‡K 1933 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Pvievi wekvj evwnbx cvVv‡bv nj we‡`ªvnx‡`i
`gb Kievi Rb¨| GB evwnbx wQj m¤ú~Y© AvaywbK A¯¿k‡¯¿ mw¾Z Zey&I Zviv Rqjvf
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| G cvnvo AiY¨ Aay¨wlZ AÂj wPj ‰mb¨‡`i AMg¨ wKš‘ Zvi †P‡qI eo KviY
gvI Gi jvj †dŠ‡Ri A`g¨ g‡bvej Ges k„•Ljv‡eva| jvj †dŠ‡Ri mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b Av‡iv
GKwU eo KviY wQj ¯’vbxq gvby‡li mnvqZv|
wPqvs Abyfe Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb Gi my`~i cÖmvwiZ cÖwZwµqv| ZvB
Rvgv©b mvgwiK Dc‡`óv‡`i civgk© gZ cÂgevi cÖvq GK j¶ ˆm‡b¨i wekvj Awfhv‡bi
cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡jb|
mvgwiK evwnbx exi`‡c© GwM‡q Pjj| GB mymw¾¡Z evwnbxi cÖwZ‡iva
Kiv m¤¢eci wQj bv gvI Gi jvj †dŠ‡Ri| Zviv µgkB wcQz nU‡Z Avi¤¢ KijG‡Ki ci GK
gy³ AÂj AwaK…Z n‡Z †_‡K wPqvs KvB‡k‡Ki evwnbxi| jvj †dŠR wcQz nU‡Z nU‡Z G‡m
wKqvsmvB cve©Z¨ cÖ‡`‡k| GB ¯’vb cÖwk¶‡Yi Dchy³ we‡ePbv K‡i gvI DËi-cwð‡g weL¨vZ
Px‡bi cÖvPx‡ii Kv‡Q G‡m Avkªq wb‡jb|
1934 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i jvj †dŠ‡Ri| GB Awfhvb mnRmva¨ wQj bv|
c‡_i AeY©bxq `ytL-K‡óI jvj †dŠ‡Ri g‡bvej GZUzKz †f‡O c‡owb| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wQj gv Gi
wecex †PZbvq DØy×| Ae‡k‡l A‡±vei 1935 mv‡j Zviv G‡m †cŠuQvj Dˇii †mbwm
cÖ‡`‡k| GLv‡bB wkwei ¯’vcb Ki‡eb gvI| BwZg‡a¨ Av‡iv eû Zi“Y K…lK kªwgK G‡m †hvM
w`‡q‡Q jvj ‡dŠ‡R| †mLv‡b Zv‡`i cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv nj| we¯—…Z AÂj Ry‡o Avevi
M‡o DVj gy³ ¯^vaxb kvmbe¨e¯’v|
GB mgq GKRb Av‡gwiKvb mvsevw`K GWMvi †mœvb eû K‡ó Pxbv
KwgDwbó NvuwU‡Z wM‡q †cŠQvb| Zvi GB AfÁZvi K_v cieZx©Kv‡j weeiY w`‡q‡Qb Zvi
weL¨vZ ÔÔPx‡bi AvKv‡ki jvj ZvivÕÕ eB‡Z| gvI mš^‡× wZwb wj‡L‡Qb ÔÔ†hgb gRvi
†Zgwb M¤¢xi `y‡e©v`¨ cÖK…wZi gvbylÕÕ| Zvi g‡a¨ Ávb Avi †KŠZz‡Ki GK Avðh© mgš^q
N‡U‡Q| wb‡Ri A‡f¨m †cvkvK-cwi”Q` mš^‡× hZLvwb D`vmxb, wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ KZ©e¨ mš^‡×
ZZLvwbB mRvM| wK Adziš— cÖvYkw³, ivR‰bwZK I mvgwiK †KŠkj wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î AmvaviY
cÖwZfvai|
gvI GKw`‡K hLb mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³¸‡jvi wei“‡× RbRvMiY M‡o
ZzjwQ‡jb Ab¨w`‡K ZLb wPqvs KvB‡k‡Li evwnbx †`‡ki kZ kZ KwgDwb÷ I Zi“Y Qv·K nZ¨v
Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| j¶ j¶ kªwgK I K…l‡Ki Dci Pj‡Z _v‡K wbh©vZb|
GB mgq DËiv‡j ïi“ nj Rvcvbx AvµgY| Rvcvb miKvi eyS‡Z
†c‡iwQj Px‡bi mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³ Zvi mg¯— kw³ wb‡vM K‡i‡Q KwgDwbó we‡ivax Awfhv‡b|
gvI Abyfe Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡b Rvcvwb Avµg‡Yi wec`| ZvB Kz‡qvwgsZvs Gi mv‡_ BwZc~‡e©
HK¨e×fv‡e Rvcvwb‡`i AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e nq|
BwZg‡a¨ c„w_ex Ry‡o ïi“ nj wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i fqven
aŸsmjxjv| civwRZ nj Rvcv‡bi ‰mb¨evwnbx| wKš‘ wec‡ei Av¸b wbfj bv| jvj ‡dŠR ZLb
Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q †`‡ki cÖv‡š— cÖv‡š— wPqvs
KvB‡kK Dcjwä Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb gvI Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ †h wece ïi“ n‡q‡Q Zv‡K aesm
Kievi gZ Zvi ¶gZv †bB| ZvB Av‡gwiKvi mvnvh¨ cÖv_x© n‡jb| wKš‘ Av‡gwiKvb g`Zcyó
n‡qI wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv wPqvs KvB‡kK| jvj †dŠ‡Ri ˆmb¨evwnbx Pviw`‡K †_‡K
wcwKs kni wN‡i †djj| Av‡gwiKvb †mbvevwnbxi mvnv‡h¨ wPqvs cvwj‡q †M‡j di‡gvmv
Øx‡c| 1jv A‡±vei 1949 mv‡j jvj †dŠR wcwKs `Lj K‡i wbj| bZzb miKvi cÖwZwôZ nj|
Zvi †Pqvig¨vb wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡jb cÂvbœ eQ‡ii gvI †m Zzs| mgvß n‡jv Zvi `xN©
msMÖvg|
K‡qKeQ‡ii g‡a¨B †`Lv †Mi gvby‡li gb †_‡K wec‡ei Db¥v`bv
µgkB wd‡K n‡q Avm‡Q| n«vm cv‡”Q gvI †m Zzs Gi RbwcÖqZv| †`‡k cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv
MÖnY Kiv nj| †bZ…‡Z¡i †KD Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ bv n‡jI mivmwi wei“×vPviY Ki‡Z mvnm †cj
bv| 1955 mvj †_‡K 1958 mvj ch©š— ˆewkó¨ wQj gvby‡li †¯^”QvK…Z D`¨‡gi Dci| gvI
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb Avw_©K Kvi‡Y bq, Av`k©MZ Drmv‡nB gvbyl KvR Ki‡e| Kwš‘ AwP‡iB cÖgvwYZ
nj Zvi e¯—eZvk~b¨ ZvwË¡K gZv`‡k©i e¨_©Zv| †`k Ry‡o ïi“ nj KwgDwbó †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖwZ
Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv| weZ‡K©i So e‡q †Mj Pviw`‡K| Gi g~L¨ f~wgKv wb‡qwQj QvÎiv|
gvI Gi wei“‡× bZzb Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK w`‡jb | Zvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wQj
miKvwi AvgjvZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi mgv‡jvPbv Kiv wØZxqZ RbM‡Yi †bwZevPK `„wófw½i
cwieZ©b Kiv| †mB mv‡_ †`kevmx‡K gvK©mxq Av`‡k© DØy× K‡i mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¶q‡K †iva
Kiv|
GB Av‡›`vjb‡KB ejv n‡qwQj mvs¯‹…wZK wece| GB mvs¯‹…wZK
wec‡ei m~Pbv n‡qwQj wcwKs wek¦we`¨vjq| jvj †dŠ‡Ri g‡a¨ †h me QvÎ wQj ZvivB GB Av‡›`vj‡b
AskMÖnY K‡iwQj| GQvov I wQj wk¶K Aa¨vcK eyw×Rxex m¤cÖ`vq| Z‡e me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
fywgKv MÖnY K‡iwQj gvI‡qi PZz_© cZœx (cÖv³b Awf‡bÎx) wPqvs wPs|
mvs¯‹…wZK wece P‡jwQj 1966 †_‡K 1969 mvj ch©š—| Gi
cieZx©Kv‡j Px‡bi ivó‰bwZK I mgvR exe‡b weivU cwieZ©b †`Lv †Mj| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GZw`b
ch©š— Pxb wb‡R‡K we‡k¦i we‡k¦i mg¯— †`k †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †i‡LwQj| GB evi
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© M‡o Zzjj| BD‡iv‡c cvVv‡bv njevwYR¨
cÖwZwbwa `j| we‡`kx‡`i †`‡k Avmevi AbygwZ †`Iqv nj| †h ivóm‡½i Aw¯—Z¡‡K Pxb A¯^xKvi
K‡iwQj `xN©w`b, 1971 mv‡j Zvi m`m¨ c` MÖnb Kij|
Avf¨š—ixY †¶‡Î we‡klZ K…wl‡¶‡Î Pxb Af~Zc~e© DbœwZ jvf
K‡i| me©‡¶‡ÎB wQj gvI Gi Ae`vb| K‡qK †kv eQ‡ii †kvwlZ ewÂZ `wi`ª Ae¶‡qi AÜKv‡i
Wy‡e hvIqv GKwU RvwZ‡K wZwb †`wL‡qwQ‡jb AvaywbKZvi Av‡jv|
gvI‡qi wei“‡× Awf‡hvM Kiv nq wZwb óvwj‡bi gZ mg¯— ¶gZv
wb‡Ri nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z K‡iwQ‡jb| KwgDwbó we‡ivax‡`i wbg©gfv‡e aŸsm K‡iwQ‡jb|
wece DËiKv‡j †`‡k hLb kvwš— k„•Ljv myw¯’iZvi cÖ‡qvRb, gvI Abvek¨Kfv‡e hy‡×
Rwo‡q c‡owQ‡jb| †Kvwiqvi wei“‡× AvµgY, wZeŸZ `Lj, di‡gvmv msµvš— weev`, fviZ
AvµgY, ivwkqvi mv‡_ weev`| gvI †f‡ewQ‡jb wec‡ei mgq †hfv‡e MYRvMiY NUv‡Z mg_©
n‡qwQ‡jb, DËiKv‡jI Zv eZ©gvb _vK‡e| gvI wek¦vm Ki‡Zb GK Aš—nxb ˆecweK msMÖvg|
wKš‘ wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb cÖ‡Z¨K wecex DËiKv‡j n‡q I‡V ms‡kvabev`x bq‡Zv
¶gZvwjáy|
Zvi ARv‡š—B †`‡k M‡o D‡VwQ‡jb Zvi wei“× kw³| hviv gvI Gi
eva©‡K¨i my‡hvM wb‡q cÖK…Z ivóª¶gZv PvwjZ KiZ| Zvi cÖvgvY cvIqv hvq hLb 9B
†m‡Þ¤^i 1976 mv‡j gvI gviv †M‡jb| ÔM¨vs Ae †dviÕ bv‡g PviR‡bi GKwU `j‡K e›`x
Kiv nj| G‡`i g‡a¨ gvI-Gi wecex gvI Gi weaev cZœx wQ‡jb|
29
‡gwi Kzwi
[Marie curie]
[wLªóc~e©-1876-9134]
‡gwii Rb¥ 1967 mv‡ji 7 b‡f¤^i Iqvik‡Z| evev †K¬v‡`vf¯‹v
wQ‡jb K…lK cwiev‡ii mš—vb| wKš‘ wb‡Ri †Póvq wZwb D”Pwk¶v jvf K‡i Iqvik nvB¯‹z‡j
c`v_©we`¨vi Aa¨vcK nb| †gwii gv wQ‡jb †g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wkw¶Kv|
GQvov Lye fv‡jv wcqv‡bv evRv‡Zb Avi †ev‡bi g‡a¨ †gwiB
wQ‡jb me© Kwbô| AK¯§vr Zvui cwiev‡ii Dci †b‡g Gj `y‡h©v‡Mi So| h²v †iv‡M Amy¯’¨
n‡q co‡jb gv| weQvbv †_‡K DV‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Ck¦i †eva nq Lywk n‡jb gv‡K Zvi
wkï‡`i KvQ †_‡K †K‡o wb‡q| ‡gwii eqm ZLb gvÎ `k|
‡cvjvÛ ZLb Rvi kvwmZ ivwkqvi AwaKv‡i| †cvjvÛ Ry‡o ïi“
n‡q‡Q ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb| †Mvc‡b G Av‡›`vj‡b mnvqZv Kievi Rb¨ ¯‹z‡ji PvKzwi
nviv‡Z nj †gwii evev‡K| A‡bK †P÷v K‡iI Ab¨ †Kv_vI PvKwi †c‡jb bv| cÖPÛ
`vwi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨I wb‡R‡`i g‡bvej nvivbwb †K¬v‡`vf¯‹v cwieve|
‡gix wKš‘ Zvui covïbv wQ‡jb Am¤¢e g‡bv‡hvMx| ïay wb‡Ri
K¬vm bq, mgMÖ ¯‹z‡ji wZwb wQ‡jb †miv QvÎx| ¯‹z‡j †kl cix¶vq AmvaviY K…wZ‡Z¡i
Rb¨ ¯^Y©c`K †c‡jb|
wKš—y AZ¨waK covïbvi Pv‡c kixi †f‡O wM‡qwQj †gwii| evev
AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q co‡jb| †gwi‡K cvwV‡q †`Iqv nj MÖv‡gi evox‡Z|
†`L‡Z †`L‡Z K‡qK gvm †K‡U †Mj| †`n gb m‡ZR n‡q I‡V
†gwii| Avevi Iqvik‡Z wd‡i G‡jb| †gwii B”Qv wQj Iqvik wek¦we`¨vj‡q weÁvb wb‡q
covïbv Ki‡eb| wKš‘ KZ©„c¶ Zvi Aby‡iva AeÁv Kij|
‡mB mgq Zvi †evb c¨vwi‡mi †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡q‡Q|
†gwii B”Qv †mI †ev‡bi m‡½ wM‡q covïbv Ki‡e|
eo †evb c¨vwi‡m| ZLb GKgvÎ c¨vwi‡mB †g‡qiv Wv³vwi co‡Z
cviZ| †ev‡bi covi LiP †gUvevi Rb¨ Mf‡b©‡mi PvKwi wb‡jb †gwi|
‡`L‡Z †`L‡Z wZb eQi †K‡U †Mj| †gwii evevi Avw_©K Ae¯’vi
mvgvb¨ DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| †gwii eo †evb Zvui GK Aa¨vcK‡K we‡q K‡i‡Q| Zviv †gwi‡K
Avgš¿Y Rvbvj c¨vwi‡m|
wb‡Ri mvgvb¨ mwÂZ wKQz A_© Avi wcZvi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv A_©
wb‡q †gwi iIbv n‡jb c¨vwi‡m| †mLv‡b wM‡q DV‡jb †ev‡bi evwo‡Z| fwZ© n‡jb
c¨vwi‡mi mieb wek¦we`¨vj‡q|
Aí K‡qK gvm †h‡ZB GK mgm¨v †`Lv w`j †gwii Rxe‡b| covïbvi
c‡¶ m¤ú~Y© Abychy³| †ev‡bi evwo‡Z mvivw`b MvbevRbv eÜ-evÜe‡`i Avmv-hvIqv|
‡gwi w¯’i Ki‡jb K‡j‡Ri Kv‡Q GKUv Ni fvov wb‡q _vK‡eb|
cÖ_‡g cÖej AvcwË _vKv m‡Z¡I †klch©š— ‡gwii B”Qv‡KB †g‡b wb‡jb Zvi †evb `yjvfvB|
ïi“ nj mvabv Avi msMÖvg| Aviv‡gi Rxeb Z¨vM K‡i wb‡Ri LiP
Pvjvevi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Ri Nv‡o wb‡jb| Avq ej‡Z wb‡Ri mvgvb¨ mÂq Avi evevi cvVv‡bv
hrmvgvb¨ A_©, me wgwj‡q gv‡m 40 i“ej|
wk¶‡Kiv †gwii Kíbvkw³, D`¨vg I `¶Zv †`‡L AZ¨š— Avbw›`Z
n‡q Zv‡K bZzb bZzb M‡elYvq DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zb| Mfxi AvZ¥wek¦v‡m ‡gwi w¯’i Ki‡jb ïay
c`v_©we`¨v bq, A¼‡ZI wZwb wWwMÖ †b‡eb| Zvi mvabv e¨_© nj bv| wZwb cÖ_‡g
c`v_©we`¨v (1893), c‡ii eQi A‡¼ wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi Ki‡jb|
GB mgq GKw`b cwiPq nj wc‡qi Kzwii mv‡_| wc‡qi wQ‡jb
c`v_©we`¨vi Aa¨vcK| †Kv‡bv bvix bq, weÁvbB wQj Zvi Rxe‡bi AvKl©Y| GKw`b `yR‡bi
†`Lv nj GK Aa¨vc‡Ki evwo‡Z| Zviv `yRb weÁvb wb‡qB K_vevZ©v ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
Zv‡`i ARv‡š—B ci¯ú‡ii eÜz n‡q hvb|
wc‡qi †gwi‡K Zvi M‡elYvMv‡i †hvM w`‡Z ej‡jb| wc‡qi ZLb
Pz¤^KZË¡ wb‡q KvR KiwQ‡jb| †gwi Zvui mv‡_ KvR ïi“ Ki‡jb (1894)| c‡ii eQi `yR‡b
weevn m~‡Î Ave×
n‡jb|
‡mB mgq wc‡qi ¯‹zj Ae wdwR‡Kª gvÎ 500 d«v¼ gvB‡b †c‡Zb|
GB A‡_©B `yR‡bi msmvi PjZ| ¯^vgxi j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z w`‡bi †ewki fvM mgq KvUZ †gwii|
divwm ˆeÁvwbK †e‡K‡ij GKw`b avZz BD‡iwbqv‡gi GKwU Ask
jeY w`‡q cix¶v Kievi mgq j¶¨ Ki‡jb IB jeY †_‡K GK cÖKvi A`„k¨ iwk¥ †ei nq hv
A¯^”Q e¯‘ †f` K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb †`‡LwQ‡jb GB A`„k¨ iwk¥ GKUv Kv‡jv KvM‡R
†gvov d‡UvMÖvwdi †c‡Ui DciI wewµqv K‡i| †Kv‡bv iwk¥i †f` ¶gZv m¤ú©‡K m¤¢eZ
GUvB cÖ_g Avwe¯‹vi|
GB e¨vcviwU Kzwi `¤úwZi †MvP‡i Av‡bb †e‡K‡ij| Zvuiv Ab¨
M‡elYv †Q‡o GB mgm¨ wb‡q KvR ïi“ Ki‡jb| Zviv w¯’i Ki‡jb GB welqwU‡KB Zviv W±‡iU
wWwMÖ cvIqvi Rb¨ M‡elYvi welq wn‡m‡e w¯’i Ki‡jb|
wcP‡e‡Wi SvuSvu‡jv †avuqvq †gwi wbDgwbqvq Avµvš— n‡q
wZb gvm M‡elYvMvi †Q‡o wekªvg wb‡jb| 1897 mv‡j †gwii cÖ_g mš—vb AvBwi‡bi Rb¥
nj|
mš—vb R‡b¥i ci wKQzw`b M‡elYv †_‡K wb‡R‡K wbe„Ë ivL‡Z
eva¨ n‡jb †gwi| AvBwi‡bi eqm K‡qK gvm n‡ZB M‡elYvi Kv‡R Avevi ¯^vgxi m½x n‡jb
†gwi| 1898 †_‡K 1902 mvj GB 45 gvm AgvbywmK cwikªg K‡i‡Qb ¯^vgx-¯¿x| w`bgRy‡ii
g‡Zv LvU‡Zb †gwi| AvUPvjvi wb‡P Zvui ¯^vgx bvbvb cix¶v-wbix¶vq Wy‡e _v‡Kb|
cÖ_‡g Zviv †f‡ewQ‡jb wcP‡j‡Ûi g‡a¨ kZKiv GKfvM Aš—Z
A`„k¨ e¯‘wU cvIqv hv‡e| GLb †m me wPš—v †Kv_vq nvwi‡q †Mj| bZzb c`v‡_©i
†ZRw¯ŒqZv GZ †ewk †h A‡kvwaZ AvKv‡ii g‡a¨ Zvi AwZ mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y Dcw¯’wZI mwZ¨B
we¯§q RvMvZ| g~j AvKv‡ii m‡½ Ggb Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e wg‡k Av‡Q †h, †mB ¶z`ªvwZ ¶z`ª
wRwbmwU D×vi KivB nj KwVb KvR|
w`‡bi ci w`b gv‡mi ci gvm eQi Mwo‡qB †h‡Z jvMj| wc‡qi-‡gwi-nZvk
n‡jb bv-‡mB A`„k¨ c`v_© Zvu‡`i gy» K‡i‡Q| †klch©š— mvabvq Rqx n‡jb Kzwi `¤úwZ|
GKwUi cwie‡Z© `ywU bZzb †gŠj c`v_© Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡jb|
we‡`‡k †_‡KI wb‡Ri Rb¥f~wgi cÖwZ †gwii wQj AK…wÎg
fv‡jvevmv| ZvB wb‡Ri †`k †cvj¨v‡Ûi bvg Abymv‡i GKwU `ª‡e¨i bvg ivL‡jb
c‡jvwbqvg| wØZxqwUi bvg ivLv nj †iwWqvg| Kzwi `¤úwZ cÖgvY Ki‡jb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
†gŠ‡ji cigvYy µgvMZ †f‡O wM‡q iwk¥ wewKiY K‡i| GB wewKiY Ab¨ c`v_© †f` K‡iI
†h‡Z cv‡i| GB ai‡bi c`v_©‡K e‡j †ZRw¯ŒqZv| BD‡iwbqvg, †iwWqvg, W‡jvwbqvg-wZbwUB
‡ZRw¯Œq †gŠj|
Zv‡`i m¤^a©bv Rvbv‡Z GwM‡q G‡jb myB‡W‡bi †bv‡ej KwgwU|
1903 mv‡ji 10wW‡m¤^i cÖKvk¨fv‡e †NvlYv Kiv nj †mB eQi c`v_© we`¨vi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
†bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡ii A‡a©K †e‡K‡ij‡K Avi A‡a©K gwm‡q I gv`vg Kzwi‡K Zv‡`i †iwWI
G¨vKwUwfwU mš^‡× M‡elYv I Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ †`Iqv n‡e|
‡gwi `¤úwZ Zuv‡`i M‡elYv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb mvgvb¨ GKwU W±‡iU
wWwMÖ cvevi Avkvq, wKš‘ c‡_i †k‡l Zviv †c‡jb c`v_©we`¨vq †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi |
cÖPwjZ wbqg GUvB †h ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi we‡RZv‡`i mkix‡i
myB‡W‡b wM‡q cyi¯‹vi MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ `¤úwZ ZLb GZLvwb Amy¯’ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb †h
myB‡W‡b hvIqv m¤¢e nqwb| †bv‡ej KZ…©c‡¶i Zi‡d d«v‡Ý G‡m Zv‡`i cyi¯‹vi †`Iqv nj|
GB AmvaviY mb¥vb †c‡qI Kzwi `¤úwZi Rxebavivi mvgvb¨Zg
cwieZ©b nj bv| †bv‡ej cÖvB‡Ri A_© w`‡q cÖ_‡gB Zviv M‡elYv PjvKvjxb FY cwi‡kva
Ki‡jb| Aewkó A_© M‡elYvi Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡jb|
1904 mv‡j wc‡qi Kzwi‡K mi‡evb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK wbhy³
Kiv nj Ges M‡elYvMv‡ii fvicÖvß n‡jb| gv`vg Kzwi‡K Zvi mnKvix wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv
nj|
GB mgq Kzwi `¤úwZi Kv‡Q cÖ¯—ve Gj †iwWqvg wb¯‹vl‡Yi
c×wZi †c‡U›U †bevi Rb¨| Kzwi `¤úwZ hw` †c‡U›U wb‡Zb Zvn‡j wekvj A‡_©i gvwjK n‡Z
cvi‡Zb, KviY GK MÖvg †iwWqv‡gi g~j¨ ZLb150,000 Wjvi| wKš‘ Zvu‡`i Avwe¯‹…Z c`v_©
†_‡K A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z ivwR n‡jb bv| Zuviv ej‡jb, †iwWqvg Avwe¯‹vi n‡q‡Q gvby‡li
Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨, ZvB Zv c„w_exi D‡Ï‡k¨ DrmM©xK…Z|
hLb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Zi‡d ejv nj d«v‡Ýi gwš¿mfvi c¶ †_‡K
Zvu‡`i m¤^a©bv Rvbv‡bv n‡e, wc‡qi Kzix wjL‡jb,Avgv‡`i Zid †_‡K gš¿x‡`i ab¨ev`
RvbvB| Avgiv mb¥vb PvB bv| Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb ïay GKwU fv‡jv j¨ve‡iUwii|
Kzwi `¤úwZi my`xN© w`‡bi ¯^cœ Ae‡k‡l mdj nj| d«vÝ
miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K GKwU m¤ú~Y© AvaywbK j¨ve‡iUwi ˆZwi K‡i †`Iqv nj| BwZg‡a¨ †gwi
wØZxq Kb¨v mš—v‡bi gv n‡jb| †g‡qi bvg ivLv nj Bf| Avb‡›` f‡i DVj Kzwi cwiev‡ii
mK‡ji gb| weavZv †eva nq ‡gwii Rxe‡bi Avb›` mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
19 GwcÖj 1904 mvj| mKvj ‡_‡K wUc wUc K‡i e„wó cowQj|
wc‡qi Kzwi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK‡`i GKUv Awa‡ek‡b †hvM w`‡q †mLv‡b †_‡K GK
cÖKvk‡Ki Kv‡Q hvw”Q‡jb| nVvr e„wó‡fRv wcw”Qj c‡_ cv dm‡K c‡_i gv‡S c‡o †M‡jb|
†cQb †_‡K GKUv gvjevwn Mvwo G‡m Zvu‡K av°v gvij| i³v³ wcó n‡q c‡_i gv‡SB gviv
†M‡jb wc‡qi Kzwi|
GB AcÖZ¨vwkZ AvNv‡Z †f‡O co‡jb †gwi| wKš‘ Aíw`‡bB ax‡i
ax‡i wb‡R‡K gvbwmK w`K †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Zzj‡jb| bZzb GK kw³ †R‡M DVj Zvi g‡a¨|
g‡b nj ¯^vgxi Am¤ú~Y© KvR‡K mgvß Ki‡Z n‡e|
KZ…©c¶ gv`vg Kzwi‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vwcKv wnmv‡e wbhy³
Ki‡jb Ges M‡elYv Kv‡Ri mg¯— fvi Zvi Dci Ac©b Kiv nj|
¯^vgxi ¯’jvwfwl³ n‡q 15 b‡f¤^i 1906 mv‡j wZwb wc‡q‡ii
DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e weÁvb GKv‡Wwg‡Z e³…Zv w`‡jb| Zvui AmvaviY e³…Zvq gy» n‡q
†M‡jb mK‡j|
ïi“ nj †gwii bZzb GK Rxeb| GKw`‡K ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv, ZviB
mv‡_ Aa¨vcbv Kiv| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KvR †m‡i `ywU †g‡q Avi e„× k¦ï‡ii †mev hZœ Kiv|
1910 mv‡j k¦ïi gviv †M‡jb| †Q‡ji mgvwai cv‡kB evev‡K mgvwa¯’ Kiv nj|
GB eQ‡iB wZwb ‡iwWqvg †K¬vivBW‡K Zwor we‡klY K‡i m¤ú~Y© weï× †iwWqvg wb¯‹vlY Ki‡jb| GB
AmvaviY D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ 1911 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi KZ…©c¶ Zv‡K imvq‡bi Rb¨ †bv‡ej
cyi¯‹v‡i fywlZ Kij| c„w_exi BwZnv‡m wZwbB GKgvÎ gwnjv whwb `yÕevi GB cyi¯‹vi
†c‡q‡Qb|
eû A_©e¨v‡q ˆZwi nj Kzwi BbBwówUDU| Gi cwiPvjbvi fvi †`Iqv
nj †gwi Kzwii Dci| GLv‡b †iwWqvg weÁv‡bi DbœwZi Rb¨ M‡elYvi KvR Pj‡e|
c¨vwi‡m †gwii Kg©f~wg n‡jI wb‡Ri Rb¥f~wg‡K wZwb fyj‡Z
cv‡ibwb| Zuvi Avš—wiK mvnv‡h¨ †cvjv‡Ûi Iqvik‡ZI M‡o DVj †iwWqvg M‡elbvMvi|
‰kke AK¬vš— cwikª‡gi d‡j µgkB †gwii †`n A¶g n‡q c‡owQj|
wKš‘ Zey&I Kv‡Ri wekªvg wQj bv| w`b AwZµvš— nw”Qj, µgkB †Pv‡Li `„wó ¶xY n‡q
AvmwQj †gwii|
wKš‘ j¨ve‡iUwi †Q‡o QzwU †bevi w`b µgkB GwM‡q AvmwQj Avi
g‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv `ytL †bB welv` †bB| `yB †g‡qB Dchy³ n‡q D‡V‡Q| eo †g‡q AvBwib
M‡elYv Ki‡Q| †gwii g„Zz¨i GK eQi ci AvBwib †RvwjI Zvi ¯^vgx †d«WvwiK †RvwjI
Kzwi imvq‡b †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|
GKw`b M‡elYvMvi †_‡K wd‡i G‡m †gwi weQvbvq ï‡q co‡jb,
Avcb g‡bB wZwb ej‡jb, Avwg eo K¬vš—|
c‡ii w`b Avi weQvbv †Q‡o DV‡Z cvi‡jb bv| †`‡ki †miv
Wv³viiv Zvui wPwKrm‡KivI †ivM wbb©q Ki‡Z cvij bv| cªK…Zc‡¶ Zvi g„Zz¨i mgq ch©š—
†iv‡Mi KviY Rvbv hvqwb| GwU wQj †iwWqv‡gi wel| ZviB Avwe¯‹…Z mš—vb mg¯— Rxeb
a‡i Zvu‡K g„Zz¨i w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q|
1934 mv‡ji 4Vv RyjvB GB gwnqlx weÁvbmvwaKvi Rxeb`xc
wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwcZ nj|
30
gvwU©b jy_vi
[Marten Luther]
[wLªóc~e©-1483-1546]
Kv‡ji a‡g© w`Lv w`j wLªóvb ag©RM‡Zi Ae¶q| GKw`b †h
mbœ¨vmx hvRK cy‡ivwnZiv mshZ cweÎ DbœZ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb, ZvuivB n‡q DV‡jb †fvMx-wejvmx,
Zvu‡`i Rxe‡bi me©¯—‡i cÖKvk †cj cvc Avi AbvPvi|
gvbyl‡K wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y ivLevi Rb¨ B”Qvg‡Zv evB‡e‡ji
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| gvbyl‡K bvbvb wbq‡gi evua‡b †eu‡a †dj‡jb| ïay ZvB bq,
RbMY‡K cÖZvwiZ K‡i A_© DcvR©b Kievi Rb¨ Zvuiv cÖPvi Ki‡jb, †cvc gvby‡li me cvc
gy³ K‡i Zvi ¯^‡M©i c_ Db¥y³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| hviv wbw`©ó A_© †`‡e, †cvc Zv‡`i me
cvc †_‡K gy³ K‡i †`‡e|
a‡g©i Ae¶‡qi hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib gvwU©b jy_vi (10 b‡f¤^i
1483) Rvg©vwbi nmj‡eb kn‡i wQj Zvu‡`i Ae¯’vb| evev Rb nvbm jy_vi wQ‡jb GKwU
Lwbi gvwjK| Zvui gv gvM©v‡iU wQ‡jb mr avwg©K gwnjv|Zvui Pwi‡Îi GKvwaK m`¸b
gvwU©‡bi Pwi‡Î cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj|
jy_v‡ii ˆkke my‡L Kv‡Uwb| evevi Avw_©K Ae¯’v nVvr Lvivc
nIqvq `vwi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨ w`b KvUv‡Z nq|
Aw_©K AbUb _vKv m‡Ë¡I ZrKvjxb Rvg©vwbi †kªô ¯‹z‡j Zvu‡K
fwZ©i e¨e¯’v Kiv nj| evev nvbm jy_v‡ii B”Qv †Q‡j AvBbÁ n‡e|
wZwb 17 eQi eq‡m d«v¼dzU© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mvwn‡Z¨ mœvZK
n‡jb| Zvici AvBb co‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| wb‡Ri gvZ…fvlv QvovI QvÎ Ae¯’v‡ZB wZwb
j¨vwUb I Bs‡iwR‡Z Mfxi Ávb AR©b K‡ib| mvwnZ¨ I `k©‡b mœvZK nIqvi ci wZwb fwZ©
n‡jb AvB‡bi cvVµ‡g|
GB mgq Zvui Rxe‡b `ywU NUbv N‡U hv Zuvi Rxeb‡K Mfxifv‡e
cÖevweZ K‡iwQj| 1505 mv‡j jy_vi cÖ_g Dcjwä Ki‡jb, g„Zz¨i c~e© g~n~‡Z© Zv‡`i
gy‡L dz‡U D‡VwQj GK wb`vi“b hš¿bvi Qwe| Avi GKw`b Zvi GK wcÖq eÜzi m‡½ evMv‡b
Ny‡i ‡eovw”Q‡jb Ggb mgq AvPgKv evR coj eÜzi Dci| g„Zz¨i gyû‡Z© eÜzwU wPrKvi K‡i
e‡jwQj, Avwg mbœ¨vwm n‡Z PvB|
g„Zz¨‡eva Zvui †PZbv‡K gv‡S gv‡S Av”Qbœ K‡i †dj‡jI wZwb
wQ‡jb AZ¨š— wbôvevb QvÎ| A`g¨ Ávb wccvmv wQj Zvui| w`bivZ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
MÖ¯’vMv‡i c~uw_i g‡a¨ Wy‡e _vK‡Zb| GB mgq GKw`b j¨wZb fvlvq †jLv GKwU evB‡e‡ji
mÜvb †c‡jb| eBwU cov †kl n‡ZB Zvui g‡a¨ †R‡M DVj GK bZzb Dcjwä| whïi Rxeb, Zvui
ag©-Dc‡`k †`q Zvi g‡a¨ mZ¨ †bB| mZ¨ i‡q‡Q GB evB‡e‡ji g‡a¨| ZLbB wZwb wVK Ki‡jb
evB‡e‡ji Abyev` Ki‡eb Rvg©vb fvlvq hv‡Z mvaviY gvbyl mn‡R co‡Z cv‡i GB cweÎ
evB‡ej|
‡ZBk eQi eq‡m wZwb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †kl cix¶vq DËxY© n‡q
w¯’i Ki‡jb Avi msmvi Rxe‡b wd‡i hv‡eb bv|
jy_v‡ii evev gv `yR‡bB †P‡qwQ‡jb †Q‡j msmvi Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek
K‡i Zv‡`i myLx Ki‡e| Zv‡`i mg¯— Aby‡iva-Abybq D‡c¶v K‡i jy_vi gbwóª‡Z i‡q
†M‡jb|
wKš‘ gbwóªi Rxeb Zvui Kv‡Q fv‡jv jvMj bv| †`L‡jb Rxeb
†mLv‡b GK hvwš¿K wbq‡g evav| mbœ¨vmx‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY m¤ú~Y© ag©we‡ivax|
AwaKvs‡ki Rxe‡bB cweÎZvi ¯úk© †bB| me©ÎB GK AbvPvi Avi cv‡ci Qwe| Zvui g‡b nj
GB RxebPP©vi g‡a¨ w`‡q KL‡bv ¯^‡M© cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ †Kv_vq †M‡j cvIqv
hv‡e Ck¦‡ii mvwbœa¨, †mB c‡_i mÜvb Zvu‡K †c‡ZB n‡e|
jy_vi gbwóª Z¨vM K‡i wd‡i G‡jb wek¦we`¨vj‡q| m`¨ cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q D‡Ubev‡M©i wek¦we`¨vjq| jy_vi D‡UbevM© wek¦we`¨vj‡q `k©‡bi Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e
†hvM w`‡jb| GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B wZwb ag©kv¯¿ mš^‡× e³…Zv †`evi AwaKvi †c‡jb| wKQzw`b
ci wZwb w¯’i Ki‡jb †iv‡g hv‡eb|
1510 mv‡j wZwb G‡jb †iv‡g| Zvui ¯^cœ Kíbvi Zx_©f~wg
†ivg| wKš‘ GLv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g Pj‡Q e¨vwfPvi Avi †fvM jvjmv| AvPvi-AvPi‡Y dz‡U
D‡V‡Q a‡g©i cwicš’x g‡bvfve| a‡g©i g~j Av`k© †_‡K m‡i G‡m Zv‡K weK…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†cvc I Zvui AbyPiiv B”Qvg‡Zv a‡g©i wb‡`©k Rvwi Ki‡Q| cv‡Q RbMY evB‡e‡ji Av`‡k©
DØy× nq ZvB wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv a‡g©i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Q| me‡P‡q RNb¨ NUbv cvcgyw³i
bv‡g A_© DcvR©b Kiv| GB mg¯— NUbv Zvui gb‡K GZLvwb wePwjZ K‡iwQj, wZwb †ivg
cwiZ¨vM K‡i wd‡i G‡jb Rvgv©wb‡Z| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB mgq †_‡KB Zvui g‡bi g‡a¨ †R‡M D‡V
cÖPwjZ wLªóvb ag©RM‡Zi wei“‡× Zxeª †¶vf Avi Am‡š—vl| †mB hy‡M †cv‡ci GZLvwb
cÖfve wQj, Zvui wei“‡× GKwU kãI D”PviY Kivi mvnm wQj bv Kv‡iv|
hLb GB agx©q msK‡Ui g‡a¨ c‡o ¶Zwe¶Z n‡”Qb jy_vi, †mB mgq
dv`vi Rb Zv‡K evB‡e‡ji D”PZi cvV wb‡Z ej‡jb hv‡Z wZwb D‡UbevM© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
evB‡e‡ji Aa¨vcbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GB evB‡ej wk¶vi mg‡qB wZwb †c‡jb GK bZzb Av‡jvi mÜvb|
†m›U c‡ji Dc‡`k Zvui mg¯— gb‡K GK bZzb †PZbvq DØy× Kij| gvbyl ïaygvÎ wek¦v‡mB
Zvi mg¯— cvc †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cv‡i| ïaygvÎ fv‡jv KvR AvZ¥vi gyw³‡K wb‡q Av‡m bv........Ck¦i
me©`vB me© cvc †_‡K cwiÎvY K‡ib| Z‡e AvZ¥vi gyw³i Rb¨ fv‡jv Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb
Av‡Q.......Avi cÖ‡qvRb Mfxi wek¦v‡mi|
GB aviYvi ekeZx© n‡qB jy_vi 1517 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤^i Zvi cuPvbeŸBwU
cÖ¯—ve mw¤§wjZ †NvlYvcÎ cÖPvi Ki‡jb| G‡Z wZwb Zxeª fvlvq †cv‡ci Kvh©Kjv‡ci
mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡jb| A‡_©i wewbg‡q cvc gyw³i cÖm‡½ ej‡jb, †cvc hw` bi‡Ki me AvZ¥v‡K
gyw³ w`‡Z cv‡ib Z‡e, †Kb D`vi g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq w`‡q me cvcx Zvcx‡K gyw³ w`‡”Qb
bv ?
`kg wjI wQ‡jb †iv‡gi †cvc| wZwb jy_v‡ii GB AvPi‡Yi
wei“‡× Av‡`k Rvwi Ki‡jb| jy_vi‡K cÖKvk¨ ¶gv PvB‡Z n‡e| Zvui mg¯— AwfgZ‡K
cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` lvU w`‡bi g‡a¨ †cv‡ci Av‡`k cvjb bv K‡ib Z‡e Zvu‡K
K¨v_wjK ag© †_‡K ewn¯‹…Z Kiv n‡e|
jy_vi cÖKv‡k¨ GB Av‡`kbvgv‡K cywo‡q †cv‡ci wei“‡× †NvlYv
Ki‡jb|
‡m hy‡M †cv‡ci GZLvwb AcÖwZnZ ¶gZv wQj, Zvui mvgvb¨gvÎ
wei“×vPiY Ki‡jB Acivax‡K cywo‡q gviv nZ| †cv‡ci AbyMvgxiv Zv‡K nZ¨v Kievi lohš¿
Kij| GB mgq GKw`b AvKw¯§Kfv‡e wb‡LuvR n‡jb jy_vi| Pviw`‡K ie DVj jy_vi‡K nZ¨v
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvui AbyMvgx‡`i g‡a¨ †¶vf †d‡U coj| Zviv cÖKv‡k¨B †ivgvb K¨v_wjK
a‡g©i wei“‡× cÖPvi Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ jy_v‡ii eÜz, Zvui gZev‡`i cÖavb mg_©K m¨vwKªwbi
kvmK †d«WwiK eÜzi wec` eyS‡Z †c‡i Zvu‡K Zz‡j wb‡q Av‡mb wb‡Ri `y‡M©| †mLv‡bB
AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i _v‡Kb jy_vi|
evB‡ii RMr †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q wZwb Aa¨qb Avi Abyev‡`i Kv‡R
nvZ w`‡jb GB mgq wZwb wMÖK fvlv †_‡K g~j evB‡ej Rvgv©b fvlvq Abyev` Ki‡jb hv‡Z
Zv mvavib gvby‡li c‡¶ cvV Kiv m¤¢e nq| GQvov ag© mb¥Üxq †ek wKQz †QvU †QvU
cyw¯—Kv iPbv Ki‡jb|
hvRK †cv‡ci Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³‡KI wZwb mivmwi A¯^xKvi Ki‡jb|
wZwb hvRK‡`i weev‡ni mc‡¶ AwfgZ cÖKvk Ki‡jb|
BwZg‡a¨ ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi †XD Pwo‡q c‡owQj BD‡iv‡ci
wewfbœ cÖv‡š—| Rvg©vb ivRKzgvi wdwjc jy_v‡ii bZzb gZev`‡K MÖnb Ki‡jb| Av‡iv
A‡b‡K jy_vi AwfgZ‡K mg_©b Ki‡jb| µgkB M‡o DVj †ivgvb K¨v_wjK a‡g©i wei“‡× GK
cÖwZev`x msMVb| hviv GZw`b Pv‡P©i AZ¨vPvi AwePv‡ii wei“‡× GKwU kãI D”PviY Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb, ZvivB cÖwZev‡`i mie n‡q DVj| µgkB GB cÖwZev`x `‡ji msL¨v †e‡oB Pjj|
jy_vi Abyfe Ki‡jb, Gevi cÖKv‡k¨ †ei nevi mgq n‡q‡Q| Zvui
AbyMvgxiv GLb h‡_ó kw³kvjx| wZwb GK †Lvjv wPwV‡Z mg¯— Rvg©vbevmx‡`i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b
Rvbv‡jb, Rvg©vb RbRxe‡bi ms¯‹v‡ii Kv‡R mKj‡K D`¨gx n‡Z| wZwb ej‡jb, ivóªxq Kv‡R
Pv‡P©i n¯—‡¶c Kievi †Kvb AwaKvi †bB| †Kv‡bv GKRb kvmK wLªóvb n‡Z cv‡ib, hvRK
n‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ Zvi cÖavb KvR n‡e kvmb Kiv Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q `vqx _vK‡e,
Pv‡P©i Kv‡Q bq|
Rvg©vwb Ges BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK †`‡ki kvmKivB Pv‡P©i A‡nZzK
n¯—‡¶‡c ¶z× n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| Zvuiv PvBwQ‡jb Pv‡P©i cÖfve n«vm Ki‡Z| D`vi gvbwmKZvi
gvby‡liv PvBwQ‡jb gy³ ¯^vaxb wPš—vi cÖmvi NUzK| AwfRvZ mgv‡Ri eû e¨w³i avibv
n‡qwQj Zviv Pv‡P©i Øviv A‡nZzK †kvwlZ n‡”Q|
wei“×ev`x‡`i GB mw¤§wjZ g‡bvfve jy_v‡ii be ag©g‡Zi cÖmvi
NUv‡Z A‡bKvs‡k mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj|
1525 mvj bvMv` jy_vi D‡Ubev‡M© G‡m cvKvcvKxfv‡e emevm
Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| GB mgq wZwb we‡q ei‡jb K¨v_wib fb †iviv bv‡g GK mb¨vmxbx‡K| hw`I
jy_vi ej‡Zb wZwb hvRK‡`i weev‡ni mg_©b Ki‡Z Pvb bv Ges c~‡e©B wZwb weevn bv
Kievi kc_ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wb‡Ri GB AvPi‡Yi ¯^c‡¶ ej‡jb, Avwg †Kv‡bv mvaviY
bvix‡K we‡q Kwiwb, Avwg we‡q K‡iwQ GK mbœ¨vwmbx‡K GK ag©hvRK‡`i Av‡`‡ki cÖwZev`
Ki‡Z|
GB weevwnZ Rxeb LyeB my‡Li n‡qwQj| wKš‘ `xN© cwikª‡g Zvui
¯^v¯’¨ ‡f‡O c‡owQj| GB mgq Iì Ges wbD †Uóv‡g‡›Ui Abyev‡`i cwigvR©bvi Kv‡R nvZ
w`‡jb| jy_v‡ii iPbvewji g‡a¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q Ac~e© mvwnZ¨ ˆkjx| Zvui iPbvewj Rvg©vb
mvwn‡Z¨i GK Ab¨Zg m¤ú`|
Amy¯’¨ Ae¯’v‡ZB wZwb iPbv Ki‡jb †cv‡ci wei“‡× G‡Ki ci GK
cÖeÜ| wZwb Rvb‡Zb hZw`b GB cÖwZev‡`i So‡K wRwq‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡eb, ZZw`b wZwb Zvi
bxwZ Av`k©‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wKš‘ jy_v‡ii bxwZ Av`‡k©i mv‡_ eû‡¶‡ÎB Zvi K‡g©i we‡iva
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †hgb Zvui weev‡ni †¶‡Î|
hLb hyeivR wdwjc wØZxq weevn Ki‡Z PvB‡jb, wZwb Zv‡Z
m¤§wZ w`‡jb hw`I wLªóvb a‡g© wØZxq weevn Ck¦‡ii B”Qvi cÖKvk|
1546 mv‡j †ZlwUª eQi eq‡m wZwb Bm‡j‡eb kn‡ii w`‡K hvÎv
Ki‡jb| GLv‡bB †K‡U‡Q Zvui †Q‡j‡ejv| ZLb wQj kxZKvj| Zvui kixi Av‡MB †f‡O wM‡qwQj|
cÖPÛ VvÛv¯’ n‡q co‡jb| eû K‡ó Pv‡P© wM‡q Zvui †kl cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| Gi Pviw`b ci
18 †deª“qvix 1546 wLªóv‡ã wZwb gviv hvb|
jy_vi wQ‡jb †iu‡bmvi GK me©‡kªô e¨w³Z¡| wZwb Zvui A`g¨
mvnm cÖvYkw³ w`‡q ga¨hy‡Mi BD‡ivc‡K D‡ËviY K‡iwQ‡jb AvaywbK hy‡M|
31
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
[Ranindranath Thagur]
[wLªóc~e©-1861-1941]
iex›`ªbv‡_i Rb¥ nq VvKzievwo‡Z 25ˆekvL, 1268| wcÖÝ
`viKvbv‡_i cyÎ †`‡e›`ªbv_ wQ‡jb eªþva‡g© `xw¶Z| Dcwbl‡`i mygnvb Av`‡k© wb‡R‡K
M‡o ZzwjwQ‡jb| Zvi ¯¿x mvi`v †`ex wQ‡jb c‡b‡ivwU mš—v‡bi Rbbx| iex›`ªbv_ evOvjx
RvwZi Me©|
evsjvfvlv Avi mvwnZ¨‡K wZwbB cÖ_g Avš—R©vwZK gh©v`vi
Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| VvKzievwo wQj †mB hy‡M mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, wkíKjv, msMx‡Zi
cxV¯’vb| †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i †R¨ôcyÎ w؇R›`ªbv_, ga¨g m‡Z¨›`ªbv_, cieZx© mš—vb
†n‡g›`ªbv_, †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ mK‡jB wQ‡jb cÖwZfvevb| iex›`ªbv‡_i Rxe‡b GB Pvi
fvB‡qi cÖfve c‡owQj ‡ekx|
wkï iex›`ªbv‡_i Rxeb K‡UwQj wbZvš—B mij mv`vwm‡`fv‡e
wS-PvKi‡`i †ndvR‡Z|
GKUz eo n‡ZB cÖ_‡g fwZ© n‡jb Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi‡Z| Aí
wKQzw`b ci †mLvb †_‡K †M‡jb bg©vj ¯‹z‡j| evwo‡Z †Q‡j‡`i me©we`¨vq ci`kx© Kievi
Rb¨ wewPÎ wk¶vi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡qwQj| †fvi †ejvq cv‡jvqv‡bi Kv‡Q Kzw¯—, Zvici
M„nwk¶‡Kii Kv‡Q evsjv,A¼,f~‡Mvj, BwZnvm cov| Zvici ¯‹zj| QzwUi ci Bs‡iwR cov,
Qwe AvuKv, wRgbvwóK| iweevi weÁvb cov| i“wUb evav Rxe‡b wkïgb nvuwc‡q D‡V|
GMv‡iv eQi eq‡m cÖ_g gyw³i ¯^v` †c‡jb iex›`ªbv_| wcZv
†`‡e›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ kvw¯—wb‡KZ‡b †M‡jb| 1873 mvj| †evjcyi ZLb wbZvš—B GKMÖvg| †mB
cÖ_g cÖK„wZi mv‡_ cwiPq nj| GLv‡bB evjK Kwei Kve¨ iPbvi m~ÎcvZ| †evjcyi †_‡K
wngvjq| Pvigvm cwð‡gi ågb †kl K‡i KjKvZvq wd‡i G‡jb iex›`ªbv_|
¯‹z‡j fvj jv‡M bv| evox‡ZB wk¶K w¯’i nj| covïbv Avi
KweZv †jLv| †Z‡iv eQi AvU gvm eq‡m Ag„ZevRvi cwÎKvq cª_g ¯^vbv‡g KweZv Qvcv nj, ÔÔwn›`y‡gjvi DcnviÕÕ|
1282 mv‡j w؇R›`ªbv‡_i m¤úv`bvq fviZxq cwÎKv †ei nj|
wbqwgZ wj‡L P‡jb iex›`ªbv_| †lv‡jv eQi eq‡m wjL‡jb ÔÔfvbywms‡ni c`vejxÕÕ|
ax‡i ax‡i ˆK‡kvi DËxY© nb iex›`ªbv‡_i | Awffve‡K‡`i mg¯—
cÖ‡Pôv m‡Ë¡I ¯‹z‡ji MwÛ DËxY© n‡Z cvi‡jb bv| w¯’i nj we‡j‡Z wM‡q e¨vwióvi n‡eb|
†gRfvB m‡Z›`ªbv‡_i mv‡_ iIbv n‡jb wejv‡Zi c‡_| jÛ‡b wM‡q cÖ_‡g cvewjK ¯‹z‡j
Zvici wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡jb| wKš‘ covïbvq gb †bB| †ewki fvM mgq Kv‡U
mvwnZ¨PP©v Avi bvP-Mv‡b| †`o eQi we‡j‡Z KvUv‡jb| †h D‡Ï‡k¨ wM‡qwQ‡jb Zvi wKQzB
nj bv| †`‡e›`ªbv‡_i wb‡`©‡k ‡`‡k wd‡i G‡jb| ZLb wZwb Dwbk eQ‡ii Zi“Y hyeK|
Kwei gb ZLb bZzb m„wói R‡b¨ e¨vKzj n‡q D‡V‡Q| wjL‡j
MxwZbvU¨ Ôevwj¥Kx cÖwZfvÕ- Kwe cÖwZfvi cÖ_g mv_©K cÖqvm hv Av‡Rv mgvb Rbwcªq|
Zi“Y Kwei nv‡Z SY©vavivi g‡Zv KweZv iwPZ n‡Z _v‡K|
cÖKvwkZ nj ÔfMœü`qÕ I Ôi“`ªPÛÕ| Kwe cÖwZfvi c~Y© cÖKvk bv NU‡jI †mB mgq GB Kve¨ `ywU Am¤¢e
RbwcÖq n‡qwQj| iex›`ªbv‡_i fvB †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ I ‡eŠw` Kv`¤^ix †`ex ZLb wQ‡jb
P›`bbM‡i| Kwe †M‡jb Zvu‡`i evwo cv‡kB M½v|
GLv‡b e‡mB iex›`ªbv_ wjL‡jb Ô‡eŠVvKzivYxi nvUÕ Zvui cÖ_g
Dcb¨vm, cÖZvcvw`‡Z¨i Rxeb Aej¤^‡b Gi Kvwnbx M‡o D‡V‡Q| †eŠVvKzivYxi nvU
avivevwnKfv‡e fviZxcwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq (1833)|
P›`bbMi †_‡K †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ G‡m evmv evua‡jb m`i wóª‡Ui
evmvevwo‡Z| GLv‡b Kwei Rxe‡b NUj GK bZzb Dcjwã|
GB Ac~e© AbyfywZi ga¨ w`‡qB Rb¥ nj Kwei Aš—w¯’Z
evK¨mËvi| †mB w`bB Kwe wjL‡jb Zvui weL¨vZ KweZv wbS©‡ii ¯^cœf½|
1883, mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤^i, iex›`ªbv_ weevn nj VvKzi evwoiB
GK Kg©Pvixi Kb¨vi mv‡_| ev‡iv eQi eqm| we‡qi Av‡M bvg wQj feZvwiYx| bZzb bvg nj
g„YvwjYx| VvKzievwo ïay †h evsjvi ms¯‹…wZi RM‡Zi †¶‡Z me©‡kªó wQj ZvB bq,
Avw_©K w`K †_‡KI wQj Ab¨Zg abx| c~e©e½
wQj we¯—…Z Rwg`vwi| me fvi G‡m coj iex›`ªbv‡_i Dci | evsjvi MÖv‡g M‡Ä b`xc‡_
Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z iex›`ªbv_ †h wecyj AwfÁZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb Zv Zvi mvwnZ¨‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ
K‡iwQj|
wewfbœ mg‡q †jLv KweZv¸‡jv wb‡q cÖKvwkZ nj ÔgvbmxÕ
(1890)| G‡Z Kwe cÖwZfv ïay †h c~Y© cÖKvk N‡U‡k ZvB bq, evsjv Kve¨ RM‡ZI G GK
bZzb ms‡hvM|
eÜz kªxkP›`ª cÖKvk Ki‡jb bZzb GKwU cwÎKv wnZev`x|
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1901 byZb K‡i e½`k©b cÖKvwkZ nj| iex›`ªbv_ n‡jb Zvi
m¤úv`K| cÖeÜ KweZvi mv‡_ cÖKvwkZ nj bZzb Dcb¨vm †Pv‡Li evjx|
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iex›`ªbv‡_i GKPwjk| Zv‡`i wZb Kb¨v gvayixjZv, †iYyKv,gxiv, `yB cyÎ iex›`ªbv_
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Kwei fvebv weKwkZ n‡q D‡V kvwš—wb‡KZb Avi wkqvj`‡n| ZviB
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mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb| wZwbB cÖ_g cÖvP¨evmx whwb GB cyi¯‹vi
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GK cÖKvwkZ nj †QvU Mí| G‡`i g‡a¨ weL¨vZ ˆngš—x, †evógx, ¯¿xi cÎ|
1322 mvj iex›`ªbv_ meyR c‡Î wjL‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb N‡i evB‡i|
1911 Gi 13 GwcÖj Bs‡iR ˆmb¨iv RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡M 179 Rb‡K
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KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgveZ©b Drm‡e fvlY †`evi Rb¨ Kwei
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evsjvq e³…Zv w`‡jb|
1904 mv‡ji 7 AvMó
AK&ª‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Zi‡d kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b
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Kwe kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b wQ‡jb| wPwKrmvi Rb¨ KjKvZvq wb‡q Avmv
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c~wY©gvi w`b `ycyi‡ejv 1348 mv‡ji 22†k kªveb (1441 mv‡ji 7 AvMó) wZwb P‡j
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‡Q‡j eo nj| cvuP eQ‡i coj M`vai| KvgvicyKzi Mvu‡qi
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fvj jv‡M| A¼ Kl‡Z †M‡jB gv_v ¸wj‡q hvq|
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M`vai GKUz&I boj bv| †m nbygv‡bi gv_vq Mv‡q nvZ eywj‡q w`j| eywS
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DVj | ivYxi RvgvZv g_yiv‡gvnb me wKQz †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| wZwb bvvb †`‡ki cwÛZ‡`i
Kv‡Q weavb wb‡Z QzU‡jb| wKš‘ me cwÛ‡ZiB GK K_v| A”Qzr Rv‡Zi †`Iqv Abœ‡fvM Pj‡e
bv| Ae‡k‡l g_yiv‡gvnb G‡jb SvgvcyKz‡i ivgKzgv‡ii Kv‡Q| ivgKzgvi weavb w`‡jb
gw›`‡ii hveZxq m¤úwË hw` ivYx †Kvb eªvþY‡K `vb K‡ib Z‡eB Abœ‡fvM †`Iqv Pj‡Z
cv‡i|
ivYx AK~†j †hb K~j †c‡jb| wZwb wVK Ki‡jb ¸i“i bv‡g gw›`i
`vb Ki‡eb| wKš‘ ¸i“i es‡ki †KD cy‡ivwnZ nq G Zvui Kvg¨ bq| KviY Zvuiv mK‡jB
Akv¯¿Á Ges AvPvime©¯^| Ab¨ mr eªvþYI cvIqv †Mj bv| †KD gw›`‡ii c~Rv Ki‡ZI ivRx
nq bv| g_yiv‡gvnb Avevi G‡jb SvgvcyKz‡i ivgKzgvi c~Rv Ki‡Z ivRx n‡jb|
gw›`i cÖwZôv-Drm‡ei w`b ivgKzgvi G‡jb M`vai‡K m‡½ wb‡q|
weivU Av‡qvRb Kvjxevwo‡Z| hvÎvMvb, KvjxKxZ©b, fMeZ cvVv gnv aygavg KvÛ| mKvj
†_‡K P‡j‡Q LvIqv `vIqv | †K Avn~Z †K Abvn~Z, Kvi wK RvZ Zvi †LvR LeiI K‡i bv
†KD|
M`vai wKš‘ wKQz& †L‡jb bv| evRvi †_‡K gywo wK‡b †L‡q
mvivw`b KvwU‡q w`‡jb| ivw·ejv ivgKzgvi M`vai‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, GLvbKvi †fv‡Mi
cÖmv` ZzB wbwj‡b †b †Kb?
M`vai Reve w`‡jb,Agwb †bBwb|
ivgKzgvi AevK n‡jb| A_P GB M`vaiB †QvU‡ejvq abx KvgviYxi
KvQ †_‡K wf¶v wb‡q‡Q| wkqi MÖv‡gi ivLvj‡`i m‡½ e‡m †L‡qwQj| †L‡qwQi Qy‡Zvi
evwoi eo‡qi nv‡Z wLPzwo ivbœv| wPwbevm kvuLvwii nv‡Z wgwó| Avey‡o wekvjv¶x gv‡qi
_v‡b bvbv Rv‡Zi †g‡q‡`i †`Iqv c~Rvi cÖmvv` †L‡qwQj| ZLb †Zv RvZwePvi K‡iwb|
Avðh©|
KviY wR‡Ám Ki‡ZB M`vai Reve w`‡jb, Iiv w`‡qwQj AwZ h‡Zœi
we`y‡ii Ly`| wKš‘ G †h †njvq †djvq †`Iqv `y‡h©va‡bi ivR‡fvM|
Reve ï‡b AevK n‡q †M‡jb ivgKzgvi| evn, ivgvqY gnvfviZ
c‡o Avi †Uv‡ji bvbv eB NvuUvNvuwU K‡i A‡bK wKQz †Zv G eq‡m M`vai wk‡L †d‡j‡Q|
ivgKzgvi ej‡jb, Zv n‡j wK Ki‡Z ewjm Avgv‡K? SvgvcyKz‡i
wd‡i hve? ivYxgv †h Avgv‡K GLv‡b cy‡ivwnZ Ki‡Z Pvb| †m KvR Zv n‡j †be bv?
M`vai ej‡jb, K_v hLb w`‡qQ ZLb Qvo‡e †Kb? Avi †Zvgvi
†UvjI †Zv cÖvq D‡VB †M‡Q| Zzwg GLv‡bB _vK|
ZzB wK Kiwe?
AvwgI _vK‡ev †Zvgvi Kv‡Q|GLv‡b Lve bv|
GLvbKvi wKQz bv †L‡Z Pvm Avwg cqmv †`‡ev, evRvi †_‡K Pvj
Wvj wK‡b ivbœv K‡i Lvm| M`vai Zv‡ZB ivRx n‡jb|
w`b KvU‡Z jvMj fvjfv‡eB| GKw`b fvM‡b ü`q †mLv‡b G‡m
nvwRi nj| M`va‡ii cÖvq mgeqmx| üócyó †Pnviv| ejj, ea©gv‡b wM‡qwQjvg PvKwii
†Luv‡R| n‡jv bv| ïbjvg, †Zvgiv `yÕgvgvB Av‡Qv `w¶Yvk¦‡i|
ZvB P‡j Gjvg|
ivgKzgvi ej‡jb, †ek, _vK GLv‡b| GKUv wKQz n‡eB| ZzB
_vK‡j M`va‡ii myweav n‡e|
g_yevey gv‡S gv‡S G‡m gw›`‡ii KvR †`Lvïbv K‡ib| M`vai
wKš‘ g_yievey‡K me mgq Gwo‡q P‡jb| †K Rv‡b KLb Zvu‡K PvKwi evKwi‡Z XywK‡q †`‡eb
g_yievey| c‡ii `vmZ¡ Ki‡Z Zvui fvj jv‡M bv|
M`vai gvwU w`‡q wke M‡o c~‡Rv K‡ib| wb‡RB c~Rv K‡i
evZvmv †evM w`‡q ü`q‡K cÖmv` †`b| M`vB‡qi nv‡Z Mov wkeg~wZ© GKw`b g_yeevey
†`L‡Z †c‡jb| wK Ac~e© g~wZ©| M`vai ZLb Kv‡Q wQ‡jb bv| wR‡Ám Ki‡jb ü`q‡K, G
g~wZ© †K M‡o‡Q ?
ü`q ejj M`vB gvgv|
Avgv‡K w`‡Z cvi G g~wZ©?
n¨vu | wb‡q hvb| †QvUgvgv GiKg g~wZ© A‡bK Mo‡Z cv‡i|
g_yiv‡gvnb †mB gywZ© wb‡q †M‡jb Rvbev‡ii evwo‡Z|
ivmgwY‡K ‡`wL‡q ej‡jb, †`Lyb gv, cyi“Z VvKz‡ii †QvUfvB M‡o‡Q|
ivmgwb ej‡jb, evt †ek‡Zv | I‡K Avgv‡`i gw›`‡ii weMÖ‡ni
mvRbv`vi Ki‡j †ek nq|
g_yiv‡gvnb ej‡jb, Av”Qv, Avwg e‡j ‡`wL cyi“Z VvKzi‡K|
ciw`b g_yiv‡gvnb `w¶‡Yk¦‡i G‡m ivgKzgvi‡K e¨vcviUv
Rvbv‡jb| ivgKzgvi ej‡jb, M`vB hv Lvg‡Lqvjx †Q‡j| Avgvi K_v wK ïb‡e ? Avcwb ej‡j
hw` ivRx nq|
g_yiv‡gvnb ZLb †W‡K cvVv‡jb M`vai‡K| M`vai f‡q f‡q wM‡q
`vuov‡jb g_yieveyi mvg‡b| g_yievey ej‡jb, Zzwg
Ny‡i Ny‡i †eovI †Kb? †Zvgvi g‡bi
g‡Zv GKUv KvR w`‡j Ki‡e ?
wK KvR?
gv feZvwiYx‡K Zzwg wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvRv‡e|
f‡q KzuK‡o DV‡jb M`vai| ej‡jb, GKv mvnm nq bv †mRevey|
N‡i me `vgx `vgx wRwbmcÎ| m‡½ ü`q _v‡K †Zv cvi‡ev|
‡ek †Zv | †K †Zvgvi mvM‡i` _vK‡e ? KvR Ki‡e `yÕR‡b wg‡j|
g‡bi g‡Zv KvR †c‡q LykxB n‡jb M`vai|
Rb¥vógxi ciw`b b‡›`vrme| ivav-‡Mvwe‡›`i gw›`‡i we‡kl
c~Rv I †fvM Abyôvb| †mB weMÖ‡ni c~Rvix †¶Îbv_| `ycy‡i c~‡Rvi ci cv‡ki N‡i kqb
w`‡Z wb‡q hv‡”Qb ivav-‡Mvwe›`‡K| nVvr cv wcQ‡j †¶Îbv_ c‡o †M‡jb| nvZ †_‡K c‡o
wM‡q †f‡½ †Mj Mwe‡›`i GKwU cv|
gw›`‡i ˆn ‰P c‡o †Mj| nvq, GwK ANUb|
ivYx ivmgwY‡K Lei cvVv‡bv nj| wZwb g_yiv‡gvnb‡K ej‡jb,
cwÛZ‡`i KvQ †_‡K wewa bvI, wK fv‡e H weMÖ‡ni c~Rv Kiv n‡e ?
g_yiv‡gvnb A‡bK cwÛ‡Zi m‡½B civgk© Ki‡jb| Zvuiv ej‡jb, H
weMÖn‡K M½vq wemR©b w`‡Z n‡e| Zvi RvqMvq emv‡Z n‡e bZzb g~wZ©|
wKš‘ ivYxi gb Zv‡Z mvq w`j bv| †h †Mvwe›`‡K GZw`b
M„n‡`eZv i“‡c c~Rv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡K wemR©b w`‡Z n‡e?
M`va‡ii Kv‡b †m K_v †h‡ZB wZwb ej‡jb, †m wK K_v| †Kvb
RvgvB‡qi hw` V¨vs †f‡½ hvq, Zv‡K wK †d‡j w`‡Z n‡e, bv wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e|
†Mvwe›` M„n‡`eZv, wbZvš— Avcb| †mB AvcbRb‡K †d‡j †`e †Kb? AvwgB VvKz‡ii cv
†Rvov jvwM‡q †`e|
GK_v ï‡b ivmgwYi g‡bi wPš—v `~i n‡q †Mj| wZwb ej‡jb,
†QvU fUªvPvh© hv e‡j‡Qb ZvB wVK|
M`vai gvwU w`‡q my›`ifv‡e Ry‡o w`‡jb †Mvwe‡›`i cv|
†evSvB †Mjv bv †h cv †f‡½ wM‡qwQj ‡mB g~wZ©B wmsnvm‡b emv‡bv nj|
‡¶Îbv_ cy‡ivwnZ KvR †Q‡o w`‡q P‡j †M‡jb| M`vai‡K wbhy³
Kiv nj ivav‡Mvwe›` gw›`‡ii cy‡ivwnZ| M`vai †Kvb AvcwË Ki‡jb bv| gwZMwZ w`b w`b
GKUz fvj n‡”Q Zvui| wb‡RB GKw`b ej‡jb, Avgv‡K `x¶v `vI|
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