nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix
(int)
f~wgKv t
nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix
(int) Dwbk kZ‡K my`xN© 51 eQi Z¨vM mvabv I K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i evsjv I Avmv‡g MÖvg
M‡Ä, kni-e›`‡i GgbwK cÖZ¨š— GjvKvq ¯’jc‡_ KL‡bv †bŠc‡_ ågY K‡i g„Z cÖvq gymwjg
RvwZi g‡a¨ be RvMiY G‡b Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb GKRb cwÛZ e¨vw³ wQ‡jb| Aviex, dvmx©
I D`y© fvlvq Zvui AmvaviY eyrcwË wQj| KziAvb, nvw`m, wdKvn, kwiqvn Ges I
mvnvex‡`i gZvgZ LÛb wel‡q Zvui iwPZ 46 Lvbv MÖ‡š’i bvg cvIqv hvq| Zb¥‡a¨ 4wU
Aviex, 1wU dvmx© fvlv Qvov Aewkó MÖš’ D`y©‡Z †jLv| 19wU eB evsjvq Abyw`Z n‡q‡Q|
Zvi †jLv eB¸‡jv‡K 4 †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq t (1) Øxb Bmjvg, (2) cvwievwiK I
mvgvwRK Rxeb (3) dviv‡qRx I Avn‡j nv`xm gZev‡`i hyw³ LÛb I mgv‡jvPbv (4) cxi
gywi`x I Ava¨vwZ¨KZv welqK|
nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) GKRb mgvR ms¯‹viK
wQ‡jb| myk„•Lj, mycwiKwíZ my`~icÖmvix GKwU agx©q I mgvR ms¯‹viK Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb
wQ‡jb GKRb DËg msMVK| fviZe‡l©i gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva, RvZxq †PZbv I
HK¨ Mo‡Z wZwb AvZ¥wb‡qvM KwiwQ‡jb| bIqve Avãyj jwZd, ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx, Rqbvj
Av‡e`xb, bIqve Avgxi ‡nv‡mb, bIqve Avãyj ReŸvi cÖgyL Zvui G Av‡›`vj‡bi
mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui cÖPvi Awfhvb I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb Z¡ivwšÍZ Ki‡Z evsjv I
Avmv‡g wZwb AmsL¨ Lwjdv wb‡qvM KwiwQ‡jb| kvwš—c~Y© I myk„•Lj ag© cÖPv‡ii
ZrKvjxb Bs‡iR miKviI Zvui cÖmsmv K‡iwQ‡jb|
AvR‡Ki mvgvwRK I ˆbZxK Ae¶‡qi hy‡M nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ
Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) Gi Ae`v‡bi gyj¨vqb Kiv I Zvui m¤ú©‡K †jLv GKwU mvnwmKZvi
KvR e‡U| Rbve Gg,BD,Kv‡`i (AemicÖvß AwZwi³ mwPe) Avš—wiKZv I D`¨g wb‡q nhiZ
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) Gi Kg© Rxe‡bi Dci G eBwU †jLvi Rb¨ Avwg Zv‡K
ab¨ev` RvbvB Ges Zvui G fv‡jv Kv‡Ri mdjZv Kvgbv Kwi|
GwcÖj,2006Bs
|
Wt gynv¤§` i“ûj Avgxb
cÖ‡dmi, BmjvwgK ó¨vwWR wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
|
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cwiwPwZ
Rb¥Kvjt Avjvni g‡bvbxZ ag©
Bmjvg| †kl bex n‡”Qb nhiZ gynv¤§` (mt) hvui c‡i †Kvb bex ev ivm~j G
c„w_ex‡Z ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Z AvMgb Ki‡eb bv| wKš‘ bex ivm~j‡`i AeZ©gv‡b GKwU Kv‡jv
hyM-mwܶ‡Y gvbyl hLb agx©q Abykvmb fy‡j wM‡q cvcvPvi I e¨wfPv‡i wjß nq ZLbB
Avjvni c_ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ A_¨v©r †n`v‡q‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ Avjvni IjxMY c„w_ex‡Z AvMgb
K‡i _v‡Kb| Bmjvg cÖPvi I mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii †¶‡Î Ijx, `i‡ek I Djvgv‡q †Kiv‡gi Ae`vb
Avgv‡`i BwZnv‡mi GK D¾¡j Aa¨vq n‡q i‡q‡Q| Ggwb GKRb ¯^iYxq eiYxq e¨w³ n‡”Qb
nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) hvi wk¶v, mvabv, PvwiwÎK ˆewkô¨ Ges
Ae`vb Avgv‡`i RvZxq BwZnv‡mi MwZaviv‡K wecyjfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|
Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Lwjdv nhiZ Avey e°i (int) Gi i³ avivq mœvZ
kvn& gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix kn‡ii †gvjv‡Uvjv gnjvq 1215 wnRwii 18B
gnig Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Bs‡iRx Rb¥ ZvwiL m¤ú‡K© mwVK †Kvb Z_¨ Rvb hvqwb| Z‡e wewfbœ
eB-cy¯—‡K Zvui Bs‡iRx Rb¥ ZvwiL 11 Ryb, 1800 wLªóvã D‡jL Av‡Q| Zvui c~e©
cyi“lMY †mŠw` Avei †_‡K evM`v‡` P‡j Av‡mb| Zvui evevi bvg wQj †gŠjex Avey
Beªvnxg †kL †gvnv¤§` Bgvg eL&k Ges gv‡qi bvg wQj †gvmv¤§r evmwZ wewe web‡Z
kvqL jyr†d Avjx| Zvuiv Df‡q 1200 wnRixi cÖ_g w`‡K my`~i evM`v` †_‡K †RŠbcyi
kn‡i †gvjv‡Uvjvq G‡m ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïi“ K‡ib| kn‡ii †gvjv‡Uvjv gnvjvwU
cÖPxbKvj †_‡KB Av‡jg Ijvgv‡`i evm¯’vb wn‡m‡e mycwiwPZ| D‡jL¨ gIjvbv KivgZ
Avjxi `v`v kvqL Rvi“jvn I `v`x †gvmv¤§r Rvwgjv wewei GKgvÎ †Q‡j †kL Cgvg
eL&k GKRb Kv‡gj eyRyM© e¨w³ wQ‡jb| Rxebavi‡bi Rb¨ wZwb †RŠbcyi Kv‡j±U‡iU G
‡k‡i¯—v`v‡ii PvKzix ‡bb| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi †QvU fvB kvn ihe Avjx (int) GKRb
eo dwKn wQ‡jb| Zvuiv DfqB nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Avn‡g` †e‡ijfxi (int) eskvbyµ‡g mvBwÎk
cyi“‡l wM‡q Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Lwjdv nhiZ Aveye°i wmwÏK (int) Gi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q‡Qb|
bembvgv (esk cwiwPwZ), nhiZ Avey e°i wmwÏK (int) †_‡K nhiZ gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) cÖh©š— t Avgxi“j †gv‡gbxb nhiZ Avey eKi wmwÏK (int), ZviB †Q‡j
nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv Avnv¤§` (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv
Beªvnxg (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv Avey †gvnv¤§`, ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv AvInv`
(int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv Igi (int), ZviB †Q‡j
nhiZ LvRv Avey Avjx (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv Avey mvnvg (int), ZviB
†Q‡j nhiZ LvRv bvwmi DwÏb (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv mvqdDwÏb (int), ZviB †Q‡j
nhiZ LvRv gvQAve (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv ‡gvRvddi (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv
Qywd (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv Ave`yjvn (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv ev‡qRx`
(int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv kvgQywÏb (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv mvq‡dvjvn
(int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvR bvRxe (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ LvRv kvqL bvwmi“wÏb
(int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ KvRx †bRvgDÏxb (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL Avkivd (int),
ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL †evinvb DwÏb (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL Qvqv`vjvn nv‡dR
(int), ZviB †Q‡j gvL`yg kvnjvR nv‡dR (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL †gvnv¤§` nv‡dR (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ
kvqL nvwg` (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL Aveyj dvZvn (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL
Ave`vjvn (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL †gvnv¤§` Awj (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL
†gvnv¤§` dv‡Rj (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL bvwReywÏb (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ ¸j
†gvnv¤§` (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL Rvi“jvn, ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvqL Avey Beªvnxg
†gvnv¤§` Bgvg eLm& (int), ZviB †Q‡j nhiZ kvn Qywd KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix
(int)
(myÎ t AwRdv‡q nvQvbxqv, cvZv
35-36)
ˆkkeKvj I wk¶v t nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int)
ˆkkeKvj †_‡KB A¯^vfvweK †gav axkw³m¤úbœ wQ‡jb| Zuvi ˆkke Kv‡ji ¯§„wZ K_v †hgb
wZwb †h weQvbvq f~wgó n‡qwQ‡jb Zvui †Kvb cv‡k cÖ`xc R¡jwQj ZvI wZwb ¯úó K‡i
ej‡Zb| Ggwb wZwb ¯—b¨cvbKvjxb mg‡qi A‡bK NUbv ej‡Zb hv mevB‡K AevK Ki‡Zv| hvi
†cÖw¶‡Z Zvui evev fwel¨r evYx K‡iwQ‡jb †h, Zvui †Q‡j Avjx GKw`b eo AvIjxqv
n‡eb| D‡jL¨ †h, †gvnv¤§` Avjx wQj wcZvi cÖ`Ë bvg| cieZx©‡Z AmsL¨ KvivgZ ev
A‡jŠwKK NUbvejx cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ wZwb KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix bv‡gB e¨cK cwiwPwZ jvf
K‡ib| wZwb gvÎ cuvP eQi eq‡m Zvui
evevi Kv‡Q Avgcvivi QeK †bb| gvÎ `k eQi eq‡m wZwb Zvui evevi Kv‡Q KziAvb kixd
†ndR K‡ib Ges dvwm© fvlvq cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡ib| D‡jL¨ †h, wZwb mvZ eQi eqm †_‡KB
cuvP Iqv³ bvgvh I RygyAv-i bvgvR gmwR‡` wM‡q Av`vq Ki‡Zb| Zvui axkw³ GZB cÖLi
wQj †h, wZwb GKevi hv ïb‡Zb ev co‡Zb Zv KL‡bv fyj‡Zb bv| nhiZ gIjvbv Kz`iZzjvn
(int) Gi wbKU Bjg, wdKvn I AvKvB` kv¯¿ m¤ú©‡K wZwb Ávb jvf K‡ib| gIjvbv Avngy`yjvn
Av¤§vbx (int) Gi wbKU nvw`m I Zvdwmi wk¶v jvf K‡ib| GQvov gvIjvbv Kz`iZ Djvn
i“`jex (int) Gi wbKU †_‡K ag© welqK we`¨v, gvIjvbv Avnv¤§` Djvn _vbex (int) Gi
KvQ †_‡K nvw`m, K¡vix ˆmq` Beªvwng gv`vbx
(int) I K¡vix ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` GQKv›`vibx (int) Gi KvQ †_‡K Gj‡g ZvRex`
wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb cÖL¨vZ K¡vix wQ‡jb Ges n¯—wjwc‡Z cvi`kx© wQ‡jb| Aviex
†KZve I KziAvb kixd wZwb wbR nv‡Z wjL‡Zb| wZwb hy× we`¨vq I L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib|
wenvix ¯^Y©Kvi bvgK GKRb my`¶ I¯—v‡`i wbKU gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) hy× we`¨v AR©b
K‡ib|
nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Avng` †e‡ijfx (int) Gi wbKU evBAvr MÖnYt gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx AvVvi eQi eq‡m nhiZ ˆmq` Avng`
†e‡ijfx (int) Gi wbKU ZvmvID‡di ev‡Zbx G‡jg wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| D‡jL¨ †h, nhiZ
mvB‡q¨` Avng` †e‡ijfx (int) hLb †RŠbcyi kni wbKUeZx© Òivq‡e‡ijx‡ZÓ AvMgb K‡ib
gIjvbv KivgZ Avjx ZLb Zvui Av¯—vbvq wM‡q Dcw¯’Z nb| nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Avng` †e‡ijfx
(int) cÖ_g `„wó‡ZB gIjvbv KivgZ Avjx‡K hvPvB K‡i †dj‡jb Ges evBAvr K‡i wb‡jb|
nhiZ gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx nhiZ gvIjvbv BmgvCj knx` iv‡ngvûjvn gva¨‡g Zvu‡K
†LjvdZ Ges evBqvr MÖn‡Yi GRvhZbvgv cÖ`vb K‡i ej‡jb,ÒhvIÕÕGLb †n`v‡q‡Zi Kv‡R
†j‡M hvI|ÓGB GRvhZbvgv †RŠbcyix Lvb`v‡b AvRI cyi“lvbyµ‡g P‡j Avm‡Q| 1822
wLªóv‡ã gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx nhiZ ˆmq` Avng` †e‡ijfx (int) Gi mv‡_ nR¡ cvjb K‡ib
Ges g°v kix‡d `yÕeQi Ae¯’vb K‡i Bj&‡g †K¡ivZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q we`¨v AR©b
K‡ib|
nhiZ
gIjvbv GRvhZbvgv cÖvß n‡q †RŠbcyi wdievi Av‡qvRb Ki‡j nhiZ mvB‡q¨` mv‡ne
ej‡jb,ÒKvR †Zv Avjvn ZvÕAvjvi ing‡Z Lye ZvovZvwo n‡q †M‡Q, GLb †gngvb ¯^iƒc
AviI †`Lvkybv K‡i bvI|Ó GB Dw³ nhiZ gvIjvbv mv‡n‡ei i“nvbx Pig DbœwZi cÖK…ó
cÖgvY| nhiZ mvB‡q¨` mv‡n‡ei wb‡`©k Abyhvqx KvivgZ Avjx mv‡ne AviI AvVvi w`b Zvi
†L`g‡Z †_‡K ZvmvID‡di eû M~p-ZË¡ Zx¶è †gav I AmvaviY †hvM¨Zvi e‡j AvVvi w`‡b
(Ac‡ii AvVvi eQ‡ii mgvb KvR) nvwmj K‡i †bb| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx Zvi iwPZ Òhv`yZ
ZvKIqv Ó bvgK †KZv‡e wj‡L‡Qb, ÒnhiZ †eev †e‡ijfxi gmwR‡` AvVvi w`b ch©š— Aag‡K
ZixK‡Zi inm¨ mg~n eywS‡q‡Qb| Gi e‡`Šj‡Z Pviw`‡bB G dwKi b~i A‡š^lb Kvixi c`©v
AwZµg Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Ges `k w`‡bB gvZ…¯—b Qvov‡bvi Dc‡hvMx wkïi b¨vq n‡q hvqÓ|
nhiZ gIjvbv KivgZ Avjx Zvi iwPZ byi“b AvÕjv byiÓ bvgK †KZv‡e wb‡Ri GKwU NUbv
wbgœiƒc eY©bv K‡ib|
ÒGKw`b
G Aag nhiZ gyi‡k` †Kejv‡K Kvk&d Ges gykvnv`vi nvKxKZ eywS‡q †`qvi Rb¨
Aby‡iva Ki‡j Dˇi wZwb ej‡jb, ÒG wel‡q
BmgvCj knx` mv‡n‡ei Øviv Ò†mivZzj gy¯—vKxgÓ †KZv‡e wjwL‡q w`‡qwQ| ZwiK‡Zi †h
†Kvb cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii e¨w³‡K hw` wR‡Ám Kiv nq 2+2 = KZ ? †m ej‡e 4| Ggwb 4+4= KZ ?
†m ej‡e 8| 8+8= KZ ? †m ej‡e 16| 16+16=
KZ ? †m ej‡e 32| 32+32= KZ ? †m ej‡e 64| 64+64= KZ ? †m ej‡e 128| nhiZ gyi‡k`
mv‡ne †KejvI Avgv‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨ †PvL eÜ K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖm½µ‡g gIjvbv KvivgZ
Avjx ej‡jb,ÒZvui ZLbKvi myir Aag †hb
GLbI †`L‡Z cvw”Q|Ó AZtci nhiZ ej‡jb,Ò Avwg †PvL †Lvjv †i‡L †gviK¡vev Ki‡jI
Avgvi gykvnv`v Õ n‡q hvq| ZzwgI †PvL †Lvjv †i‡L †gviK¡vev KwiI| ÔÔKvivgZ Avjx
ej‡jb,ÒnhiZ gyi‡k` †Kejv GZUzKz e‡j w`‡ZB Avgvi gKmy` nvwmj n‡q †Mj|Ó
wKš‘Ò†mivZzj
gy¯—vwKgÓ †KZvewU ZLb Zvui cov n‡jv bv| gIjvbv b~i“i ingvb KZ©„K cÖYxZ Ô
Zvh‡KivZzj AvDwjqv Õ cy¯—‡Ki (ló LÛ) 8 Gi cvZvq D‡jL Av‡Q †h, cieZx©Kv‡j
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix evsjv‡`‡k †n`v‡qZKv‡j Zvui cxi gyi‡k‡`i ¯^‡cœ cÖ`Ë
wb‡`©k Abyhvqx Kzwgjvi myRv ev`kvni gmwR‡` †bvqvLvjxi nhiZ gvIjvbv BgvgywÏb
mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q H †KZvewU 17w`‡b Aa©vsk cvV K‡ib| wØZxqevi md‡ii mgq †bvqvLvjx G‡j
evKx Aa©vsk nhiZ gIjvbv BgvgywÏb mv‡n‡ei wbKU c‡o †kl K‡ib| D‡jL¨ Kzwgjv kn‡ii
‡gvMjUyjx‡Z Aew¯’Z w`jxi mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi †Q‡j ev`kvn myRv KZ©„K wbwg©Z
gmwR`wU‡Z eûw`b hver RygyAv-i bvgvR cov eÜ wQj| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) hyw³
Z‡K©i gva¨‡g Kzwgjvi HwZnvwmK myRv gmwR‡` cybivq RygyAv-i bvgvR Pvjy K‡ib|
kvRiv bvgv (†LjvdZ bvgv), ivmyj
mvjvjvû AvjvB‡n Iqvmvjvg †_‡K nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) cÖh©š— t mvB‡q¨`yj gyimvjxb bex‡q †`v-Rvnv nhiZ Avn¤§`
gyRZev †gvnv¤§` †gv¯—dv mvjvjvû AvjvB‡n Iqv mvjvg, Avgxi“j †gv‡gbxb
†Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`xb nhiZ Avey eKi wmwÏK (int), nhiZ mvjgvb dvimx (int) , nhiZ
Kv‡mg Be‡b †gvnv¤§` (int), nhiZ Bgvg Rvdi mv‡`K (int), nhiZ ev‡qRx` †ev¯—vgx
(int), nhiZ LvRv Avwej nvmvb LviKvbx (int), nhiZ LvRv Avey Avjx dvi‡g`x (int),
nhiZ LvRv BDmyd nvg`vbx (int), nhiZ LvRv Avãyj Lv‡jK AvR`vIqvbx (int), nhiZ
LvRv Av‡id †iM&Iqvix (int), nhiZ LvRv gvngy`yj Lv‡qi dvMbyex (int), nhiZ
LvRv Avjx ivwgwZbx (int), nhiZ LvRv evev Qv¤§vQx (int), nhiZ LvRv evnvDwÏb
bKke›`x (int), nhiZ g&Ijvbv BqvKze PiLx, nhiZ LvRv Ievq`yjvn Avnivi (int),
nhiZ gIjvbv `i‡ek †gvnv¤§` (int), nhiZ LvRv †gvnv¤§` AvgKvbKx (int), nhiZ LvRv
†gvnv¤§` evKx wejvn (int), nhiZ kvqL Avn¤§` †Qiwnw›` †gvRv‡Ï‡`, Avj‡dmvbx
(int), nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Av`g eb~ix (int), nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Ave`yjvn AvKeivev`x (int),
nhiZ kvn Avey`yi inxg †gvnv‡Ï‡m †`njfx (int), nhiZ kvn Iqvjx Djvn †gvnv‡Ï‡m
†`njfx, nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Avng` †e‡ijfx (int), nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix
(int) |
(m~Î t AwRdv‡q nvQvbxqv,
cvZv - 36,37 )|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
Avjx †RŠbcyix
‡_‡K KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyixt nhiZ
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) Gi wcZv cÖ`Ë bvg wQj †gvnv¤§` Avjx| Zuvi iwPZ †KZve
mg~‡n wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Avjx ‡RŠbcyix| Zuvi ‡n`v‡qZKv‡j AmsL¨ KvivgZ ev A‡jŠwKK NUbv
cªKvk nIqvi Kvi‡Y cieZ©x‡Z wZwb KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| G
mKj A‡jŠwKK NUbvi AwaKvskB wewfbœ eB-cy¯—‡K Ges †jvK gy‡L cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨
iscyi gywÝcvovi Awaevmx m~dx †gv`v‡eŸi †nv‡mb, G¨vW‡fv‡KU KZ©„K cÖYxZ ÕgIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx (int) Gi RxebxÕ kxl©K cÖe‡Ü (cvZv 24-27) †h mKj A‡jŠwKK NUbv D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb wb‡b¥ Zv DׄZ n‡jv-
1| gIjvbv mv‡ne
GKwU gvG PvD‡ji Dci ¯úó, my›`i I cwi¯‹vi A¶‡i wem&wgjvni mv‡_ myiv GLjvm
Zuvi bvgmn wjL‡Z cvi‡Zb| `~iv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš— e¨w³ GB PvDj †L‡j Av‡ivM¨ jvf
KiZ|
2| GK`v GK`j
†jvK gIjvbv mv‡ne‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ cuvPkZ UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i GK NvZK cvVvb‡K wb‡qvM
K‡i| ‡RŠbcyix kvnx gmwR‡` gIjvbv mv‡ne †kl iv‡Z Zvnv¾y` bvgvh cov Ae¯’vq H
e¨vw³ Zvi Zievix gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Dci DVv‡ZB NvZ‡Ki nvZ Aek n‡q hvq Ges nvZ
DVv‡bv Ae¯’vqB †_‡K hvq| bvgvh †k‡l gIjvbv mv‡ne welqwU eyS‡Z cvi‡jb| NvZK
wb‡Ri Aciva ¯^xKvi K‡i gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q ¶gv PvB‡jb| gIjvbv mv‡ne wb‡Ri nvZ
NvZ‡Ki evû ¯úk© Kiv gvÎB †m ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v wd‡i †cj Ges gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q ZIev K‡i evBAvr n‡jv|
3| †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi GK cÖwm× my`‡Lvi gIjvbv mv‡ne‡K wbR
evwo‡Z LvIqvi `vIqvr w`‡jb| D³ e¨vw³ my` LvIqv bv Qvo‡j gIjvbv mv‡ne Zvi evox‡Z
†h‡Z cvi‡eb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q w`‡jb| G‡Z H e¨w³ I Zvi †jvKRb †¶‡c gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei
†evU AvµgY K‡i| d‡j †evU Wy‡e hvIqvi Dcµg nq| gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei †jvKRb AvZ¡i¶vi
Rb¨ D³ my`‡Lvi nZ¨v K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ †jv‡Kiv cvwj‡q wM‡q _vbvq GRvnvi †`q| _vbvi
cywjk Kg©KZ©v NUbvwU Z`š— Kivi Rb¨ †ev‡U G‡j gIjvbv mv‡ne cywjk Kg©KZ©v‡K e‡jb
†h, wZwb †Kvb gvbyl nZ¨v K‡ibwb| hv‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †m GKUv k~Ki| Zvr¶wbK
cywjk Kvco mwi‡q D³ e¨w³i jvk †`L‡Z cvq| A_©vr H my`‡Lvi e¨w³i g„Z †`nwU k~K‡i
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GB A‡jŠwKK NUbvwU Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q co‡j †jvKRb my` LvIqv †Q‡o †`q
Ges gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q ZIev K‡i gyix` nq|
4| GK`v
†KvjKvZv nvIov cy‡ji wbK‡U M½v b`x‡Z gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei †evU †bv½i Kiv nq| b`xi Aci
cv‡o GK wn›`y‡hvMx eUe„‡¶i wb‡P a¨v‡b gMœ wQj| †jvKRb‡K gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei wbKU
†ev‡U hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z †`‡L H mvay Gi KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j mK‡jB ej‡jv †h, GLv‡b GK
weL¨vZ cxi mv‡n‡ei AvMgb n‡q‡Q, wZwb †ev‡U Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb| ZLb mvay ej‡jb,
Ô†Zvg‡`i cxi‡K e‡jv wZwb hw` RyZv cv‡q †nu‡U M½v b`x cvi n‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e Avwg
Zvi kxl¨Z¡ MÖnY Kie| Avi Avwg hw` cv‡q †n‡U M½v b`x cvi n‡Z cvwi Z‡e Zuv‡K
Avgvi kxl¨Z¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ gIjvbv mv‡ne mvayi D³ P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY Ki‡jb| w`b¶Y
avh© Kiv n‡jv| A¸wbZ gvbyl M½v b`xi Dfq Zx‡i mg‡eZ nj NUbvwU †`Lvi Rb¨| gIjvbv
mv‡ne RyZv cv‡q cvwbi Dci w`‡q †nu‡U M½v b`x mn‡RB cvi n‡q †Mj| A_©vr mvay cv‡q
†nu‡U M½v b`x cvi n‡Z cvi‡jb bv| gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei GB A‡jŠwKK kw³ †`‡L D³ wn›`y
mvaymn mg‡eZ eû‡jvK Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Ki‡jb|
5| ewikvj †Rjvi
¯^iƒcKvwV _vbvq GK wn›`y e¨w³ gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei nv‡Z Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z nq| c‡ii eQi
gIjvbv mv‡ne H GjvKvq cybivq G‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb †h, H †jvKwU Avevi wn›`y a‡g©
wd‡i †M‡Q| gIjvbv mv‡ne welbœ n‡jb| H mgq gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei †evU †_‡K wKQy †gviM
Qy‡U hvq Ges gw›`‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i, g~wZ©i mvg‡b ivLv cÖmv` †L‡q †d‡j| G‡Z wn›`y
†jvKRb Zv‡`i RvZ, ag© gvb, B¾Z me bó n‡q‡Q e‡j ‡¶‡c Xvj Z‡jvqvi wb‡q gIjvbv
mv‡n‡ei †evU AvµgY K‡ib| | gIjvbv mv‡ne welqwU †R‡b, D‡ËwRZ wn›`y RbMb‡K e‡jb
†h, Ô‡Zvgiv gw›`‡ii g~wZ©‡K wRÁvmv K‡iv G‡Z Zv‡`i †Kvb ¶wZ n‡q‡Q wKbv ? Zviv
DËi †`q,ÔÔgw›`‡ii g~wZ© K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgiv wK K‡i wR‡Ám Ki‡ev ? Dˇi
gIjvbv mv‡ne ej‡jb †h, ÔÔ gw›`‡ii g~wZ© hLb K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv, †Zvgv‡`i †`Iqv
cÖmv` †L‡Z cv‡i bv, ZLb †Zvgiv †Kb Zvi c~Rv K‡iv ? †Zvgv‡`i H g~wZ© hw` Avgvi
mv‡_ K_v e‡j Z‡e †Zvgiv wK Bmjvg ag© Keyj Ki‡eÕÕ? welqwU Am¤¢e †f‡e mK‡jB m¤§wZ
†`q| ZLb gIjvbv mv‡ne gw›`‡i wM‡q ej‡jb, ÔÔ†n g~wZ© K_v e‡jv, Avgvi †gviM
gw›`‡ii †`Iqv cÖmv` †L‡q †djv‡Z †Kvb ¶wZ n‡q‡Q wK bvÕÕ| ms‡M ms‡M g~wZ©¸‡jv nvZ
Zz‡j ej‡jv, ÔÔG‡Z Zvi †KvY ¶wZ nqwb|ÕÕ GB A‡jŠwKK NUbv mviv GjvKvq Qwo‡q c‡o
Ges `‡j `‡j †jvK gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q G‡m Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i|
6| gIjvbv mv‡ne
iscyi kn‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j wKQy `yó cÖK…wZi †jvK Zv‡K †nqcªwZcœb Ki‡Z GKRb RxweZ
e¨w³‡K g„Z mvwR‡q Kvdb cwo‡q Zvi Kv‡Q RvbvRvi bvgvh covi Rb¨ wb‡q Av‡m| gIjvbv
mv‡ne Ava¨vwZ¡K ¶gZv e‡j welqwU eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Ges ci ci wZbevi RvbvRv cov‡Z Am¤§wZ
Ávcb Ki‡jb| wKš‘ H †jvK¸wj evi evi Zv‡K RvbvRv cov‡bvi Rb¨ wcovwcwo Ki‡Z _v‡K
Ae‡k‡l wZwb H †jvKUvi RvbvRvi bvgvh covb| bvgvh †k‡l †jv‡Kiv nvm‡Z nvm‡Z RxweZ
†jvKUvi Kvd‡bi Kvco mvwiq †`L‡Z cvq IB †jvKUv g„Z| GB A‡jŠwKK NUbv †`‡L `yó
cÖK…wZi †jvKRb AbyZß n‡q gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q ZIev K‡i gyix` nq|
7| iscy‡i gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) Gi AvMg‡bi c~‡e© GK `i‡ek memgq Dj½ n‡q iv¯—vi cv‡k
_vK‡Zb| Zv‡K Kvco w`‡jI wZwb Kvco co‡Zb bv G e‡j †h, ÔÔiscyi kn‡i †Kvb gvbyl
†bB †h, Kvco co‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b hviv Av‡Qb Zviv cïi Zzj¨| gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei †evU †hw`b iscyi kn‡ii DcK‡Ú NvNU
b`xi Zx‡i †bv½i Ki‡jv H w`b H e¨vw³ Kvc‡oi †`vKv‡b wM‡q cwiav‡bi Kvco PvB‡jb
Ges ej‡jb †h, AvR iscy‡i GKRb gvbyl
G†m‡Q Avi Dj½ _vKv hv‡e bv|ÕÕ
8| iscyi kn‡i
Ae¯’vbKv‡j gIjvbv mv‡ne cvjwK P‡o GKw`b GK R½‡ji cvk w`‡q hvw”Q‡jb ZLb iv¯—vi
av‡i R½‡j GK gwnjv jvKox msMÖn KiwQj| gIjvbv mv‡ne cvjKxi `iRv Ly‡j H `„k¨wU
†`L‡Z _v‡Kb| cvjKx Mš—e¨ ¯’v‡b †cŠuQvi ci ms‡Mi ‡jvKRbiv gwnjvwUi jvKox msMÖ‡ni
`„k¨ Ae‡jvKb Kivi KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j
gIjvbv mv‡ne e‡jb †h, ÔÔ nhiZ AvRivCj (Avt) mv‡ci myiZ a‡i H ¯¿x †jvKwU‡K `skb
K‡i Zvi Rvb K‡evR Ki‡e| GB Rb¨B wZwb H `„k¨ †`‡LwQ‡jb|ÕÕ cieZx©‡Z mwZ¨ mwZ¨B
mv‡ci `sk‡b g„Z H gwnjvi jvk RvbvRvi Rb¨ gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q wb‡q Avmv n‡jv|
ZLb mK‡jB gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei A‡jŠwKK kw³ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡jv|
9| iscyi kn‡i
Ae¯’vbKv‡j ˆ`wbK AMwYZ †jvK Av‡ivM¨jv‡fi Rb¨ gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei cvwb cov †bIqvi Rb¨
Zvui Kv‡Q Avm‡Zb| GKw`b cÖPÛ fx‡ii g‡a¨ GKe¨w³ GKMvm cvwb `g K‡i ‡bq| wKšÍ
†jvKUvi m‡›`n nq †h, gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei dzK H Mv‡mi cvwb‡Z c‡owb| ZvB †m cybivq
gIjvbv mv‡ne‡K cvwb‡Z dzK w`‡Z ej‡j gIjvbv mv‡ne dzK †`qv gvÎ MvmwU †f‡½ hvq|
cÖwZw`b cÖPÛ fx‡oi Kvi‡Y gIjvbv mv‡ne †kl cÖhšÍ© GK Mvm cvwb †`vqv Kv‡jgv c‡o
dzK w`‡q iscyi kn‡ii cyivZb Rv‡g gmwR` msjMœ Kzqvq †d‡j †`b Ges gvbyl‡K H Kzqv
†_‡K cvwb †bIqvi Rb¨ Dc‡`k †`b| gIjvbv mv‡ne hZw`b RxweZ wQ‡jb ZZw`b †mB Kzqvi
cvwb cvb K‡i mK‡jB Av‡ivM¨ jvf K‡i‡Qb|
Z…Zxq
Aa¨vq
Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi
Ges ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb
t ‡RŠbcyi †_‡K
Zvejx‡Mi cÖPvi ïi“ t nhiZ mvB‡q¨` Avng` †e‡ijfx (int) Gi Kv‡Q GRvhZ cÖvß n‡q
me©cÖ_g wZwb †RŠbcyi Av‡mb Ges gnjvi N‡i N‡i wM‡q gvbyl‡K bvgvh, †ivhv, c`©v
Ges Bmjv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ Kibxq wel‡q †n`v‡qZ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb †RŠbcy‡i cybivq gmwR‡`
ˆ`wbK cuvP Iqv³ bvgvh AvRvb mn Gevs ïµev‡i RygyAv-i bvgvh RvgvAv‡Zi mv‡_ covi
cÖPjb ïi“ K‡ib| †m wel‡q AwaKvsk ¯’v‡bB wn›`yqvbx cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQj| gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ H mKj we`AvZ I kixqZ-we‡ivax KvR eÜ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|
D‡jL¨ †h, gyn¤§`-web-ZzNj‡Ki cÖK…Z bvg wQj ÔRybv LvbÕ whwb 1325wLªt †_‡K 1351
wLªt ch©š— w`jxi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ wQ‡jb| wmÜzi we‡`ªvn `gb Kv‡j 1351 wLªóv‡ã
myjZvb gyn¤§`-web-ZzNj‡Ki AvKw¯§K g„Z¨i ci Zvui PvPvZ fvB wd‡ivR kvn ZzNjK
w`jxi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb 1360 wLªóv‡ã RybvLvb Gi bvgbymv‡i †RŠbcyi
kni cÖwZôv K‡ib| ZzNjK es‡ki †kl myjZvb gvngy‡`i ivR‡Z¡ mIqvi A_ev ÔLvRv RvnvbÕ
bvgK GKRb cÖfvekvjx †LvRv 1394 wLªóv‡ã †RŠbcy‡i GKwU ¯^vaxb ivResk cÖwZóv K‡ib
hv kK©x esk bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvui `ËK cyÎ gvwjK KiYdzj ÔgyeviK kvn kKx©Õ Dcvax aviY
K‡i †RŠbcy‡ii wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| kKx© es‡ki me©‡kªó myjZvb Beªvnxg kK©xÕ
1402 wLªóv‡ã Zvui fvB ÔgyeviK kvn kK©xi g„‡Z¨i ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
Beªvnxg kvn kKx© ms¯‹…wZgbv wQ‡jb| Zvui Avg‡j †RŠbcy‡i A‡bK HwZn¨evnx ¯’vcZ¨
wbg©vb Kiv nq| Zb¥‡a¨ †RŠbcy‡ii weL¨vZ ÔRv‡g gmwR`Õ Ab¨Zg| gmwR`wUi D”PZv 75
dzU| wmKv›`vi †jv`x (1489-1517wLªt) w`jxi wmsnvmb Av‡ivnbKv‡j Zvui eo fvB eieK
kvn Gi we‡`ªvn `g‡bi Rb¨ †RŠbcyi AvµgY Kv‡j †RŠbcyi Rv‡g gmwR‡`i cÖf~Z ¶wZmvwaZ
nq| A_¨v©r c~e©w`KwU fv½v Ae¯’vq i‡q hvq| †RŠbcyi Lv›`v‡bi cÖL¨vZ Av‡jg, gydwZ
gIjvbv Rvdi Avn‡g` wmwÏKx †RŠbcyix whwb eZ©gv‡b D³ Rv‡g gmwR‡`i Bgvg Zvi D‡`¨vM
1399 wnRix †_‡K ïi“ K‡i 1413 wnRix ch©š— A_©vr 15 eQi mg‡q D³ gmwR`wUi ms¯‹vi
Kiv nq| †RŠbcyi w`jx mvjZvbv‡Zi Aš—f~©³ nIqvi ci miKvix Awdm Av`vjZ w`jx‡Z
¯’vbvš—i Kiv nq| †RŠbcyi kni wn›`y msL¨v
Mwiô nIqvq gymwjg ¯’vcZ¨¸wj cÖvq wejxb n‡q hvq| †RŠbcyi Rv‡g gmwR‡`I wbqwgZ
bvgvh cov eÜ n‡q hvq| GLv‡b wn›`y‡`i †`e‡`exi c~Rv n‡Zv Ges Mvb evRbv n‡Zv|
gIjvbv KivgZ Avjx A‡bK cwikªg GgbwK wb‡Ri Rxeb wecbœ K‡i gmwR`wU gymjgvb‡`i
`L‡j Av‡bb Ges wbqgZ AvRvb I RvgvAv‡Zi mv‡_ gvÎ 5 Rb gymjgvb wb‡q ˆ`wbK bvgvh I
RygyAv-i bvgvh Av`vq Ki‡Zb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, w`‡b cuvPevi Avhvb †`qvi Rb¨ GKevi GK
e„×v gwnjv gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei Dci ¶z× n‡q Zvi Mv‡qi Dci Kjwm wb‡¶c K‡ib| GKevi
†RŠbcyi kn‡ii †gvjv‡Uvjvi †`vZjv evwo‡Z Zv‡K AvU‡K †i‡L nZ¨vi †Póv Kiv nq|
wZwb e¨vcviUv eyS‡Z †c‡i eybU bvKg we‡kl ai‡bi e¨vqvg †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g kµ‡`i
AvµgY †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶ K‡ib| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx nvbvdx gvRnv‡ei Abymvix wQ‡jb|
gIjvbv mv‡ne Zvi cÖYxZ Ôb~i“b Avjv b~iÕ eB‡Z D‡jL K‡ib †h, mvB‡q¨` Avng`
†e‡ijfx (int) †LjvdZ bvgvq ZvKjx` Kivi Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb Ges wZwb wb‡RI Bgvg AvRg
Avey nvwbdv (int) Gi †gvKv‡j` wQ‡jb Ges †Kvb nvw`m wb‡q weZ‡K©i m„wó n‡j Zvi
cxi †gvi‡k` Avey nvwbdv (int) †h nvw`m MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv AbymiY Ki‡Z e‡jb|
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcy‡i nvbvdx gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib hv cieZx©Kv‡j mgMÖ fvi‡Z
Bmjvgx wk¶vi Ab¨gZ †kªô †K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| GB gv`ªvmvi cÖ_g wk¶K wQ‡jb weL¨vZ
Av‡jg nhiZ gIjvbv Avãyj nvwjg mv‡ne| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix Zvejx‡Mi cÖ_g
Qq eQi †RŠbcyi, Mvhxcyi, AvRgMo, dqhvev` Ges myjZvbcyi AÂj mg~‡n Bmjvg ag©
cÖPvi K‡i GjvKvi †jvK‡`i‡K kwiq‡Zi cve›` K‡i †Zv‡jb Ges wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gv`ªvmv
Kv‡qg K‡ib|
‡n`v‡q‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjv‡`‡k hvÎv t Zvui cxi †Kejvi wb‡`©‡k evsjv I Avmv‡g †n`v‡q‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1250
wnRix‡Z wZwb me©cÖ_g †KvjKvZvq G‡m †cŠ†Qb| H mgq †KvjKvZv kn‡i mvB‡q¨` Avng`
(int) Gi Lwjdv M‡Yi g‡a¨ giûg gIjvbv nv‡dR RvgvjDwÏb mv‡ne, gynv‡Ïm gIjvbv
IqvRxn mv‡ne (†KvjKvZv gv`ªvmv Avjxqvi †nW gvIjvbv), KvRx Ave`yj evix mv‡ne Ges
H wmjwmjvi Av‡iv K‡qKRb eyhyM© e¨vw³ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) ‡K †KvjKvZvq
¯^vMZ Rvbvb| ILv‡b K‡qKw`b †_‡K IqvR bmxnZ K‡ib Ges `‡j `‡j †jvK Zvi Kv‡Q G‡m
ZIev K‡i evBAvr n‡jb| †KvjKvZv kn‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei cyÎ giûg gIjvbv
nv‡dR Avng` †RŠbcyix (int) Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| KjKvZvi KvR †kl K‡i gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx
(int) GKvwaK eRiv ‡hv‡M (†ev‡U) c~e©e‡½i w`‡K hvÎv K‡ib| GKwU †ev‡U hvbvbv,
GKwU‡Z fªvg¨gvY gv`ªvmv, GKwU‡Z Lv‡`g I Kg©PvixMY, Aci GKwU‡Z nhiZ gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx (int) I Zvi Lwjdviv _vK‡Zb| me©mvavi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ H Kv‡djvi e¨vqfvi
enb Kiv n‡Zv| wZwb 51eQi evsjv I Avmv‡g cweÎ KziAvb I mybœvni Av‡jv‡K kixqZ
†gvZv‡eK Bmjvgx Rxeb cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki †RŠbcyi †_‡K my`yi
evsjv‡`‡k c`eª‡R cvjwK‡Z, †bŠc‡_ eRivq (†ev‡U) h‡kvni, Lyjbv, ewikvj, dwi`cyi,
†bvqvLvjx, Kzwgjv, PUªMÖvg, gqgbwmsn, iscyi, e¸ov, cvebv, c~wb©qv, gywk©`vev`,
b`xqv, KzPwenvi, wm‡jU KvQvo I Avmv‡g ågY K‡i jvD wm× †L‡q KL‡bv D‡cvm †_‡K j¶
j¶ gvbyl‡K Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †e`AvZ I wki‡Ki wei“‡× hyw³-Z‡K©i
gva¨‡g eywS‡q Ges msMÖvg K‡i GgbwK wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi SzwK wb‡q AatcwZZ gymjgvb‡`i kixq‡Zi
cve›` K‡iwQ‡jb| hviv agx©q Abymvkb fy‡j wM‡q bvgvh †ivRv Z¨vM K‡iwQj hyw³-ZK© I
ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K †n`v‡qZ K‡i kixq‡Zi c‡_ Avb‡Z wZwb †h wbijm cwikªg
K‡iwQ‡jb Zv me©Rb¯^xK…Z| cÖ_g ch©v‡q GKUvbv 18 eQi evsjvq Zvejx‡Mi ci wZwb †RŠbcy‡i wd‡i hvb|
wmcvnx we‡`ªvnt 1857 wLªóv‡ã fvi‡Z wmcvnx we‡`ªvn †`Lv ‡`q| Bs‡iR‡`i
ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Y hLb †`kxq wn›`y gymwjg wmcvnx‡`i g‡a¨ Am‡š—vl weivR KiwQj ZLbB Gbwdì ivB‡dj bvgK GK cÖKvi
e›`y‡K Mi“ I ïK‡ii Pwe© wgwkªZ †UvUv hv `uv‡Z †K‡U e›`y‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv Zv
wb‡q †KvjKvZvi wbKU e¨vivKcy‡i 1857 wLªóv‡ãi 29 gvP© wn›`y gymwjg wmcvnxiv
Bs‡iR‡`i wei“‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i| c‡i `vevb‡ji gZ fvi‡Zi gxivU, w`jx, hy³
cÖ‡`k BZ¨vw` RvqMvq we‡`ªvn Qwo‡q c‡o| GK ch©v‡q Av‡iv wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z Bs‡iR‡`i
wei“‡× mviv fvi‡Z we‡`ªvn ïi“ nq hv‡K fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| H mgq wn›`y gymjgvb GKmv‡_ Bs‡iR‡`i wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡ib| †RŠbcy‡i
ZLb bxj Pvl Kiv n‡Zv| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx Gi wei“‡× i“‡L `uvwo‡qwQ‡jb Ges wZwbB
wQ‡jb Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j cwiKíbvKvix| Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq 2 Rb gwnjvmn 18 Rb Bs‡iR †jvK
cÖvY i¶v‡_© gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) Gi evwo‡Z wM‡q Avkªq †bb| mvZw`b ci H
Bs‡iR e¨vw³‡`i wbivcËv i¶v‡_© †Nvovi Mvox‡Z c`©v w`‡q I‡`i‡K ‡RŠbcyi †_‡K
muvqwÎk gvBj `y‡i †ebvim K¨v›Ub‡g›U G wb‡q hvb| ZLb K‡b©j n¨vWmb wQ‡jb H K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui
`vwqZ¡ cªvß Awdmvi| BwZg‡a¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi
†bZ…‡Z¡i `v‡q gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq Ges g„Zz¨i Av‡`k cª`vb Kiv
nq| cieZ©x‡Z †RŠbcy‡i AvwkªZ I gyw³cÖvß 18 Rb Bs‡iR gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi c‡¶
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Bs‡iR‡`i Rxeb i¶vi Rb¨ Zuv‡K KzBb wf‡±vwiqv †g‡gvwiqvj †µó cÖ`vi Kiv nq Ges
ivRv GeviZ Avjx Rvnvb-Gi cy‡iv Rwg`vix cªZ¨vLvb K‡ib| Z‡e fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb Mfb©i
†Rbv‡ij jW© K¨vwbs (cieZ©x‡Z fvBmiq ev ivR cÖwZwbwa Dcvax‡Z f~wlZ) Gi Aby‡iv‡a
1863 wLªóv‡ã ‡KvjKvZv kn‡i C`yj wdZ‡ii bvgv‡hi BgvgwZ K‡ib| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij C‡`i
gv‡Vi Kv‡Q Zuvi Rb¨ ˆZix myiw¶Z g‡Â Dcw¯’Z †_‡K H C‡`i bvgv‡hi RvgvAvZ Ae‡jvKb
K‡ib| D‡jL¨ †h, H eQi †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi fevbxM‡Ä gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx mv‡n‡ei C`yj wdZi bvgv‡hi BgvgwZ Kivi K_v wQj| Mfb©i
†Rbv‡ij Gi Aby‡iva i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi †RôcyÎ giûg gIjvbv nv‡dR Avng` ‡RŠbcyix
(int) †K fevbxM‡Ä C`yj wdZi bvgv‡h BgvgwZ Ki‡Z ‡RŠbcyi †_‡K cvVv‡bv nq| gvIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjxi Rxeb wQj wØgyLx msMÖvgc~Y©| cye©e‡½i gymwjg†`i AvPvi-e¨env‡i †h
mKj wn›`y ixwZbxwZ I Kzms¯‹vi Xy‡K c‡o, cÖ_gZ wZwb Gi wei“‡× msMÖvg K‡ib Ges
Zuvi †jLvq G¸‡jvi wb›`v K‡ib| G wel‡q wZwb ivÏyj- we` Avt bvgK GKLvbv eBI iPbv
K‡ib| wØZxqZ, wZwb bZzb ms¯‹vi we‡ivax `j¸‡jv‡K cÖK…Z Bmjv‡gi AvIZvq cybivbq‡bi
Rb¨ †Póv K‡ib Ges G D`¨‡g mdjKvg nb| Zuvi ÔÔwn`vqv`Zzi- ivwdw`bÕÕ bvgK cy¯—K GB
wel‡qi Dci wjwLZ|
hyw³ZK©(evnvm)Gi
gva¨‡g ag© cªPvi I ms¯‹vit Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii mg‡q gIjvbv mv‡ne
hyw³ZK© ev evnvm Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ RwUj cÖ‡kœi hyw³msMZ Reve cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †Póv
Ki‡Zb| PUªMÖv‡g Bmjvg cÖPviKv‡j R‰bK gyL‡jmyi ingvb bv‡g GK †e`AvZx †gŠjfx
gIjvbv mv‡ne‡K Kv‡di ej‡ZI BZ¯—Zt K‡iwb| gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx mv‡ne Zvui iwPZ
ÔAvbIqv‡i †KivgZÕ bvgK wKZv‡e dvmx© fvlvq Gi Reve w`‡qwQ‡jb| H e¨w³i `ytmvnm
GZB †e‡o wM‡qwQj †h, K‡jgvi mv‡_ wb‡Ri bvg Ry‡o w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ae‡k‡l H e¨w³i mv‡_
gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei evnv‡mi w`b ZvwiL wVK n‡j kn‡ii eû MY¨gvb¨ I Ijvgv‡q †Kivgmn
gIjvbv KivgZ Avjx evnvm ¯’‡j Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI H e¨w³ †RjLvbvq wM‡q Avkªq †bb| eû¶Y
cÖZx¶vi ci gybkx dRjyi ingvb, `v‡ivMv Kixg~jvn Ges gyÝx dv‡qh Avng` Zv‡K †RjLvbv
†_‡K †W‡K Avbvi †Póv Ki‡jI wZwb mfvq Dcw¯’Z nqwb| Ae‡k‡l knievmx fÛ gyL‡jmyi
ingv‡bi `j †Q‡o gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi Kv‡Q evBqvr MÖnY K‡ib| Bmjvg cÖPvi Ki‡Z
wM‡q wZwb eûevi g„Zz¨i mb¥ywLb nb| wKš‘ †Kvb fq fxwZ Zv‡K †n`v‡q‡Zi c_ †_‡K
miv‡Z cv‡iwb| GKevi ZvejxM Kivi mgq PUªMÖv‡g R‰bK `y`©vš— Rwg`vi whwb eû
Av‡jg‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jb A‡bK evav wecwËi ciI wZwb D³ Rwg`vi evox‡Z wM‡q nvwRi nb|
H Rwg`vi bvwK KvD‡K Zvi mvg‡b em‡Z w`‡Zb bv| wKš‘ wZwb gIjvbv mv‡ne‡K †`‡L wb‡R
Kziwm GwM‡q w`‡q Zv‡K †ZŠwn` m¤ú‡K© eySv‡biv †Póv K‡ib| D³ Rwg`vi gIjvbv
mv‡ne‡K ej‡jb, ÒAvwg hw` hyw³ I cÖgvY bv eywS Z‡e Avcwb wK Ki‡eb ? Rev‡e gIjvbv
mv‡ne ej‡jb, Avevi eySv‡ev| evi evi eySv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡ev| ZviciI hw` Avcwb bv
eyS‡Z Pvb Z‡e Avgvi nv‡Zi G Zievox w`‡q Avcbv‡K eySv‡ev| D³ Rwg`vi gIjvbv
mv‡n‡ei G mvnm †`‡L fxZ I kswKZ n‡q ej‡jv †h, G gvmvjvwU A‡bK Av‡jg‡K wR‡Ám
K‡iwQjvg wKš‘ Zviv f‡q Avgv‡K ûRyi ûRyi ej‡Z jvM‡jv| Avwg Zv‡`i‡K †µv‡a nZ¨v
K‡iwQ wKš‘ Avcwb mwZ¨Kv‡ii GKRb nv`x| Avcbvi Øviv Bmjvg m‡ZR I D¾¡j n‡eÕÕ|
AZtci D³ Rwg`vi gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei nv‡Z evBqvr n‡qwQ‡jb| ïay PUªMªvg bq cvUbvi
†gŠjfx Aveyj ûmvB‡bi mv‡_ †KvjKvZvi †gŠjfx gyn¤§` wmÏxwK cvÄvexi mv‡_, ewikv‡ji
†gŠjfx Ave`yj ReŸvi I dwi`cy‡ii `y`y wgTv cÖgy‡Li mv‡_, gIjvbv kvn KvivgZ
Avjx‡K eû evnvm Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| cÖwZeviB Avjvni ing‡Z wZwb Rqx n‡q‡Qb| Z‡e ZLbKvi
mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k RygvAvi I C‡`i bvgvh Av`vq m¤ú©‡K cxi `y`y wgqv I Avãyj ReŸv‡ii
mv‡_ †h evnvm n‡qwQj Zv we‡kl fv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| cxi `y`y wgqv weL¨vZ dviv‡qRxÕ
Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv dwi`cy‡ii Avjnv¾¡ kixqZzjvni cyÎ| Ave`yj ReŸvi wQ‡jb G‡`i
Lwjdv | Bs‡iR kvwmZ fviZ‡K A_©¨vr kµzi
†`k AvL¨v w`‡q Zviv GLv‡b RygyAv-i bvgvR diR ev C‡`i bvgvh IqvwRe n†Z cv‡i bv
g‡g© d‡Zvqv ev gZvgZ †`b| gIjvbv kvn KvivgZ Avjx mv‡ne 12 b‡f¤^i eyaevi, 1870
wLªóv‡ã Av‡qvwRZ mfvq dZzqv-B-AvjgMx‡ii e¨vL¨vi Av‡jv‡K weªwUkMb †h‡nZz
gymjgvb‡`i‡K c~Y© agx©q ¯^vaxbZv w`‡q‡Q †m‡nZz fviZel©‡K A_¨v©r Cgvb‡`i †`k e‡j
AvL¨v †`b| myZvivs fviZe‡l© RygyAv-i ev C‡`i bvgvh Av`vq bv Kivi †Kvb hyw³
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv g‡g© wZwb gZvgZ †`b| Z‡e gIjvbv kvn KvivgZ Avjx fviZ el©‡K A_©¨vr
Bmjvgx †`k e‡jbwb| Zvi iwPZ †KZve ÔÔûRRvZ B KvwZqvÕÕ cvZv 13 G D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h,
Agymwjgiv gymwjg †`k Rq Ki‡jI RygyAvi-i mvjvZ I `yÕC‡`i mvjvZ †Kej Rv‡qh bq
eva¨Zvg~jK I e‡UÕÕ| D‡jL¨ †h, eZ©gvb we‡k¦i †h mKj †`k gymwjg Av‡jgMY G wb‡q
AvR Avi †Kvb cÖwZev` Ki‡Qb bv| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx mv‡n‡ei ZLbKvi †`Iqv gZvgZ †h
mwVK wQj Zv cÖgvwYZ n‡jv| cÖK…Z c‡¶ dviv‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡b ivR‰bwZK cÖfve wQj|
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx ivRbxwZi †P‡q ˆbwZK wRnv‡`i Dci †ekx †Rvi w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡b
G wek¦vm wQj †h, fviZe‡l© gymjgvb msL¨v MwiôZv AR©b bv Ki‡j Bs‡iR fviZ Qvo‡jI
Ab¨ a‡g©i †jvKivB fviZ kvmb Ki‡e| Zv‡Z g~jjgvb‡`i Ae¯’v AviI wecbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
m¨vi ˆmq` Avng` †hgwb Bs‡iRx wk¶vi gva¨‡g gymjgv‡bi ¶gZvq‡bi c‡¶ hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb
gIjvbv kvn KvivgZ Avjx †Zgwb Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g msL¨v Mwió gymjgv‡bi ¶gZvq‡bi
¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb, Z‡e wZwb Bs‡iRx wk¶vi we‡ivwaZv K‡ibwb| G K_v ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L
bv †h, Gwkqvi Z…Zxq e„nËg gymwjg msL¨vMwió Ges e„nËg mybœx gZev‡`i †`k evsjv‡`k
gIjvbv kvn KvivgZ Avjxi A‡bK msMÖv‡gi dmj| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx K‡Vvi Invex
we‡ivax wQ‡jb| Invexiv GZB KUªi c¯’x wQj †h, hv‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i wgj †bB Zv‡`i
mKj‡KB gykwiK e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡i| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx Zvi wjwLZ †KZve
ÔÔû¾vZ-B-KvwZqvÕÕ cvZv 9-38 G wkiK, we`AvZ Ges Kv‡jgv cvVKvix †ebvgvhx‡`i
RvbvRv covi wel‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| D³ †KZv‡e wZwb dv‡mK (cvwc) I
Kv‡di‡`i (Awek¦vmx) g‡a¨ my¯úó cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z Kv‡jgv cvVKvix †Kvb
gymjgvb Mv‡djwZi Rb¨ RxebÏkvq bvgvh bv co‡jI Zvi RvbvRv co‡Z n‡e| hviv
†ebvgvhxi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi RvbvRv co‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib Zv‡`i‡K wZwb K‡Vvi fvlvq AvµgY
K‡ib| wgjv` gvnwd‡j ivmyj (mvt) Gi cÖwZ mvjvg cvV Kivi mgq wKqvg (`vov‡bv)
gy¯—vnve g‡g© wZwb gZvgZ †`b| G wel‡q wZwb wewfbœ eB wj‡L‡Qb| Zb¥‡× Ôgyiv`yj
gyix`xbÕ I Ô‡gjvL&LvmÕ Ab¨Zg| cvZv 752-753 G gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx m¤ú‡K© †h
me gš—e¨ Kiv nq Gi wKQy Ask bx‡P †`Iqv n‡jv
(I) Karamat Ali’s
life was a double stuggle; first he combated the Hindu customs and
superstitions, secondly he tried to bring back into the fold of orthodoxy the new heterodox schools
against which he waged a successful war (II) He kept in touch with the Musalmans of
Bengal and distributed to the needy all the presents that he received. He was a
trained kari and an expetr calligraphist. (III) His following was
so large that there was hardly a Bengal
village without his disciples and he still exetrs a living infuuence in certain
districts of that province.
gIjvbv kvn& KvivgZ Avjx
†RŠbcyix wn›`y a‡g©i wewfbœ Kyms¯‹v‡ii we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb| e`iDwÏb Dgi KZ©„K
wjwLZ ÔBk¦iP›`ª we`¨v mvMi I Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsMvjx mgvRÕ eB‡Z †jLK Dwbk kZ‡Ki
wn›`y mgv‡R wewfbœ Aš—nxb Kzms¯‹vi I ARmª kv¯¿xq wewawb‡la Gi K_v D‡jL K‡ib|
mZx`v‡ni g‡Zv GKwU ee©i cÖ_vi wei“‡× cÖwZev` Ki‡Z wM‡q ivRv ivg ‡gvnb ivq wn›`y
ag© Z¨vM K‡i bZzb eªv¤§ mgvR cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| we`¨vmvMi weaev weevn cÖPj‡bi
cÖ‡Póv Ki‡Z wM‡q e¯ËZc‡¶ me©mvš— n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| we`¨vmvMi GB Rb¨ †`‡ki †jvK‡K
ÔAmvi I Ac`v_©Õ e‡j wb‡Ri nZvkv‡K e¨³ Ki‡jI †mB nZvkvi g~j KviY ZrKvjxb wn›`y
mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi Ges KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨B wbwnZ wQj | Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi weaev weevn
cÖPjb‡K mrKg©B g‡b Ki‡Zb| ZvB wb‡Ri cvwievwiK I MÖvg¨ mgv‡Ri AvcwË m‡Z¡I wZwb
wb‡Ri cyÎ mš—v‡bi weaev weev‡n AvcwË †Zv K‡iBwb Dciš— Zv‡Z Me©B †eva K‡iwQ‡jb|
ivg‡gvnb I we`¨vmvM‡ii ga¨eZx© mg‡q KjKvZvi mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †h DËvj Zi½ †`Lv †`q
†m Zi‡½i bvg Bqs †e½j Av‡›`vjb| G Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j 1829 mv‡j Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij
DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ mZx`vn wbeviY AvBb cÖYqb K‡iwQ‡jb, mZx`vn wbwl× n‡qwQ‡jv| gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx Bqs †e½j Av‡›`vjbÕ mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii †Q‡ji weaev
weev‡ni ci gIjvbv kvn KvivgZ Avjx we`¨vmvMi‡K cÎ wj‡L ab¨ev` Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| GK
mg‡q Avmv‡gi Ae¯’v Ggb †kvPbxq wQj †h AwaKvskB †jvK DjsM _vK‡Zv | wKQy msL¨K
†jvK Aek¨ †bsUx ci‡Zv| gIjvbv KivgZ Avjx Gme †jvK‡`i‡K ‡W‡K G‡b GKLvbv K‡i Kvco
Avi cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKwU K‡i Uzcx weZiY Ki‡Zb| wZwb XvKv †_‡K 4 nvRvi j~w½ I K‡qK
nvRvi MR _vb Kvco G‡b †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ weZiY K‡iwQ‡jb| nv`xqv wn‡m‡e hv †c‡Zb Zv
Mixe gymjgvb‡`i `vb K‡i w`‡Zb| Gi“‡c Avmv‡g †jvKRb Kvco ci‡Z Af¨¯— n‡qwQj Ges
mf¨Zvi Av‡jv †`L‡jv| R‰bK Bs‡iR †jLK G m¤ú‡K© wj‡L‡QbÔÔ gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx
mv‡ne evsjv I Avmv‡gi gvbyl‡K Kvco ci‡Z Af¨¯— n‡qwQj Ges mf¨Zvi Av‡jv †`L‡jv| R‰bK
Bs‡iR †jLK G m¤ú‡K© wj‡L‡Qb ÔÔ gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx mv‡ne evsjv Avmv‡gi gvbyl‡K
ïay gymjgvbB K‡iwb eis Zv‡`i‡K Kvco civ wkwL‡q mf¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`k I Avmv‡gi
MÖv‡g M‡Ä †hLv‡b †Kvb AvRvb †`Iqv nZ bv I RygyAv-i bvgvh cov n‡Zv bv gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjxi D‡`¨M I cÖPv‡ii d‡j †m mKj cwiZ¨³ gmwR`¸‡jv Avevi AvRv‡bi aŸYx‡Z
gyLwiZ I Avev` n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv| wZwb †hLv‡bB †h‡Zb bvgv‡hi mgq n‡j AvRvb w`‡q
RvgvAvZ Gi mv‡_ bvgvh co‡Zb| GRb¨ Zv‡K A‡bK Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| wkiK, Kei c~Rv,
cxi c~Rv I †e`vAv‡Zi wei“‡× wZwb wQ‡jb ewjô Kɯ^i|
Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva, RvZxq HK¨ Ges †PZbvq D™¢y× GKRb
cÖMwZkxj ag© ms¯‹viK wnmv‡e gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi Av‡›`vjb‡K H mg‡q hviv mg_©b
w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bIqve Avãyj jwZd, ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx, bIqve Avgxi Avjx Ges
Rqbvj Av‡e`x‡bi bvg Ab¨Zg| G cÖms‡M Bs‡iR †jLK James Wise
Zvi wjwLZ Notes or Races Casts
and Trades of Eastern Bengal, (London 1833) cvZv 31 G eY©bv K‡ib|
The most successful and celebrated
missionaries, however, were Maulavi Karamat Ali’s, Zaynal Abedin and an Arab, Sayyid Mohammad
Jamal-ul-Lail shose preaching among the villages of Eastern Muslim Bengal has
had the most momentous effects not only by uniting under one hanner the vast
majority of the middle and working classes but also by arousing the intolerant
sprrit of Mohammadinism which had lain dormant nearly a centrry.
mywdev`t Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡k cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj cÖavbZ mydx
mvaK‡`i ag© cÖPv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q| Zv‡`i LvbKvn I g³e mg~n wQj Bmjvg ag©cÖPvi I
wk¶v-`x¶vi †K›`ª| †mLv‡b wn›`y-gymwjg, †eŠ×-L„óvb mKj ag©ej¤^xi Avbv‡Mvbv n‡Zv|
Zv‡`i Øvi mK‡ji Rb¨ AevwiZ| d‡j AgymjgvbivI Bmjv‡K Bmjvg‡K Rvbvi I †evSvi
my‡hvM jvf K‡i| Bmjv‡gi †mŠ›`‡h© we‡gvwnZ n‡q Zviv Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K | mydx
mvaKMY wQ‡jb D`vic¯’x | Zviv ZvInx` ¯^xKvi I Avjvn-†cÖg jv‡fi Dci AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡
Av‡ivc Ki‡Zb| ¯^fveZB Zviv Bmjv‡gi mbvZb ixwZbxwZ cvj‡bi e¨vcv‡i AwaKZi mnbkxj
I `qvi g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zb| mydx mvaKMb †Rvi Rei‡`v¯—x K‡i KvD‡K Bmjvg a‡g©
`xw¶Z K‡ibwb| D‡jL †h, wn›`y a‡g©i Aš—nxb Kzms¯‹vi Ges ARmª kvš¿xq wewawb‡la
†hgb mZx`vn, evj¨ weevn, weaev weevn wbwl× BZ¨vw` Kzms¯‹vi Ges wbgœ †kªYxi
wn›`yMY D”P †kªYxi wn›`y mvgvš—ev` Ges †kªYxev‡`i wbcxob †_‡K gyw³ cvevi Rb¨
kvwš—i ag© Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z nq| m~dx mvaKM‡Yi Z¨vM, mvabv I D`vi bxwZi d‡j G‡`‡k
Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖmvi N‡U| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i wKQy AvPvi AvPiY I ms¯‹…wZ Bmjvg a‡g©
cÖ‡ek K‡i|
‰mq` gyiZvRv Avjx Zvi wjwLZ eB cvZv-7 G m~dxev‡`i
D`vibxwZi Dci wjL‡Z wM‡q D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, It was necessary to him over the support of the local people either by converting
them or by pacefying them this impolied some sort of compromise with the local
coustoms and beliefs... These converts retained their long inherited customs,
beliefs and love for the old epics.
‰mq` gyiZvRv Avjx Zvi wjwLZ eB evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx
wece cvZv 12 G D‡jL K‡ib ‡h, mZi `kK
†_‡K ¯^vaxb‡PZv †gvMj myev`vi‡`i D`viZvi d†j evsjv‡`‡k we‡`kx gymjgvb AvMg‡bi
†Rvqvi Avm‡Z _v‡K | †gvMj kvnvRv`v‡`i A‡b‡KB GLv‡b myev`vi c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb| GB
myev`v‡`i QÎ Qvqvq A‡bK Bivbx G †`‡k G‡jb Zv‡`i Av`e Kvq`v, K…wó-ms¯‹…wZ I
AvPvi Abyôvb wb‡q| Ggwbfv‡e mZi kZK †_‡K †gvMj kvm‡bi Aemvb ch©š— mydx mvaK‡`i
ag©cÖPv‡ii d‡j evsjv‡`k Z_v †MvUv Dcgnv‡`‡k Avh© ms¯‹…wZ Ges Avie Z_v Bmjvgx
ms¯‹…wZi mswgkªY NU‡Z _v‡K| Ges GB mswgkª‡Yi d‡j cÖPwjZ Bmjv‡g A‡bK Mv‡qe
Bmjvgx AvPvi I wek¦vm Z_v wkiK I we`AvZ AbycÖ‡ek K‡i| ‡gvnv¤§` Gbvg~j nK Zvi
wjwLZ eB A History of
Sufi-ism in Bengal cvZv 294 G
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h,ÔÔIslam being
chiefly a missinonary religion and its propagation in the east being mainly
depended of the Sufi missionaries had to bring wihin its fold a large number of
people already affiliated to a clture and civilization almost different from those
of the Arabs, i,e, Semites The amalgamation of these two sets of culture and
civilization viz Aryan(including non Aryan) and Semitic produced many nes
things in the different sphere of our Beengali Muslim life.
mydxmvaKMY wewfbœ ZixKv †hgb t wPkZxqv, Kv‡`ixqv,
bvL‡ke›`xqv I †gvRv‡Ï`xqv ZixKiv gva¨‡g G‡`‡k Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi K‡ib| gIjvbv
KvivgZ Avjx GmKj ZixKvi mv‡_ ZixKv‡q †gvnv¤§`xqv m¤ú„³ K‡ib| D‡jL¨ wZwb Zvi
cxi nhiZ knx` mvB‡q¨` AvngZ †e‡ijfx (it) KZ©„K cÖPwjZ ZixKv‡q †gvnv¤§`xqv Gi
Abymvix Ges cÖ_g cÖPviK wQ‡jb| †n`v‡qZKv‡j wZwb evsjv I Avmv‡g GB cÖPjb K‡ib|
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (it) Zvi cÖYxZ Gj‡g gv‡idvZ welqK M‡elYv MÖ¯’¨
ÔÔb~i“b Avjv byiÕÕ G ZixKv‡q †gvnv¤§`xqv Gi wel‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges
Zvi cÖYxZ ÔhvÕ`yZ ZvKIqvÕ G Gj‡g gv‡idvZÕ Ges Pvi ZixKvi Kvh©vejxi wel‡q
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kixqZc¯’x wQ‡jb| cweÎ KziAvb Ges nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K ÔÔwdKvn I ZvKjx` Abyhvqx wZwb
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PZz_© Aa¨vq
WweD DweD nv›Uvi cÖYxZ Ôw` BwÛqvb gymjgvbÕm cÖm‡½t Bs‡iR kvmb I †kvl‡Yi wei“‡× 1760 wLªóv‡ã dwKi gRby kv‡ni dwKi
Av‡›`vjb ¯^vaxbZvi gvBj djK wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ| wZZzgxi (ˆmq` wbmvi Avjx) †KvjKvZvi
bvwi‡Kj evoxqvq GKwU gReyZ ev‡mi wKjv wbg©vY K‡ib Ges †mLvb †_‡K Bs‡iR‡`i
wei“‡× hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i PweŸk ci‡Mvbv, b`xqv Ges dwi`cyi †Rjvi wKQy Ask `Lj K‡i
¯^vaxb ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Bs‡iR evwnbxi AwabvqK Av‡jKRvÛvi wZZzgx‡ii Kv‡Q civwRZ
nb Ges cvwj‡q hvb| jW© †ewšUK wZZzgxi‡K civ¯— Ki‡Z kw³kvjx evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| wZZzgx‡ii
euv‡ki wKjv weaŸ¯— nq| 1831 wLªóv‡ã wZZzgxi knx` nb| nvRx kixqZzjvni †bZ…‡Z¡
ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi bv‡g dviv‡qRx Av‡›`vjb ïi“ nq| diR (Aek¨B cvjbxq) kã †_‡K
dviv‡qRx k‡ãi DrcwË| 1840 mv‡j nvRx kixqZzjvn g„Z¨i ci Zvi GKgvÎ †Q‡j gn‡mb
DwÏb (`y`y wgqv) G Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ ‡`b| dviv‡qRx Av‡›`vjb agx©q Av‡›`vjb bv‡g
ïi“ n‡jI c‡i GUv ivR‰bwZK iƒc avib K‡i| 1857 mv‡j wmcvnx we‡`ªvn ,bxjPv‡li
wei“‡× †`kxq Pvlx‡`i Av‡›`vjb (1859-60 wLªóv‡ã) †gvNj mvgªv‡R¨i †kl mgªvU wØZxq
evnv`yi kv‡ni ¯^vaxbZv †Nvlbv (Aek¨ c‡i Zv‡K e›`x K‡i †i½y‡b wbe©vmb †`qv nq)|
g„Z¨yi ci †i½y‡bB Zv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq|) bvbv mv‡n‡ei Kvbcyi we‡`ªvn, Suvwki ivYx
j¶xevC Gi ¯^‡`k i¶v‡_© hy× Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cÖvY`vb Ges bv‡Uv‡ii ivYx fevbxi we‡`ªvn
Bs‡iR‡`i fxZ mš¿¯— K‡i †Zv‡j| wn›`y gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ `v½v evwa‡q †`qv,
gymjgvb‡`i H‡K¨ dvUj aiv‡bv I wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i Bs‡iRiv fviZel© kvmb Ki‡Z
_v‡K|
gymjgvb‡`i RvZxq †PZbv, HK¨ Ges †Rnv`x †ZR Bs‡iR‡`i
fvwe‡q †Zv‡j| GKRb PZzi Bs‡iR †jLK WweD WweD nv›Uvi gymjgvb Av‡jg Ijvgv‡`i
agx©q gZ‡f` I †Kv›`‡ji my‡hvM wb‡q gymjgvb‡`i HK¨ webó Kivi j‡¶ Ôw` BwÛqvb
gymjgvbmÕ eBwU cÖYqb K‡ib| Zvi †jLv eBwUi 116 cvZvi wb‡b¥v³ DׄZvsk †_‡KB
welqwU mn‡R eySv hvq :
I propose. therefore,
to scrutinize the Sunni Decisions withe a view to ascertaining the effect which
they will have on the more zeolous Muhannadans; men with whom the sense of
religious duth is the rule of life, and whose minds are unifluenced either by
fear of danger of by habits of prosperous ease. For it is no use shutting our
eyes to the fact that a large proportion of our Muhammadan subjects belong
to this class/ During a third of a
century they have kept of foot a rebel army, first against Ranjit Singh, and
afterwards against ourselves as his successors. In the distant Province of Bengal they have equipped band after
band for the Frontier Camp. Every village. Indeed almost every family, has
followed their example and contributed to the cost of the war. Our prison gates
have closed upon batch after batch of unhappy misguided traitors’ the Courts
have condemned one set of ringleadrs after another to lonely islans across the
sea yet the whole country continues to furnish money and men to the Forlon Hoqe
of Islam on our Forntier, and persists in its bloodstained protest against
Christian Rule.
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ ZLb `ywU gZev` weivR KiwQj GKwU KUªicš’x
gZev`, hv n‡”Q Bs‡iR kvmK weagx© weavq Zv‡`i kvmbvg‡j fvi‡Z Bmjvgx Abykvmb bv
gvbv Ges mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g Bs‡iR‡`i‡K fviZ †_‡K weZvob Kiv; Aci gZev‡`i hyw³
wQj †h‡nZz Bs‡iR miKvi gymjgvb‡`i agx©q Kv‡R evav w`‡”Q bv †m my‡hvM wb‡q
kvwš—cyY©fv‡e Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb GwM‡q †bqv| nhiZ gIjvbv KvivgZ
Avjx (int) G gZev‡`i mg_©K wQ‡jb| fvi‡Zi cÖMwZkxj gymwjg †bZ…e„›` hv‡`i bvg
eB‡qi f~wgKvq D‡jL Av‡Q| Zv‡`i D‡`¨v‡M 1870 wLªóv‡ã bv‡g GKwU msMVb M‡o †Zvjv
nq| beve Avãyj jwZd D³ msMV‡bi †m‡µUvwi wQ‡jb| 1870 wLªóv‡ãi 23 b‡f¤^i H mwgwZ
cÖPzi †jvK mgvM‡gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †KvjKvZv †NvlYv bv‡g GKwU †bg‡cU cÖPvi K‡i| D³
†NvlYvq fviZ‡K `vi“j nie bv e‡j `vi“j Bmjvg e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| gIjvbv KvivgZ
Avjx (int) `vi“j Bmjvg bv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) `vi“j
Bmjvg bv e‡j fviZ‡K `vi“j Avgvb e‡jb Ges ZLbKvi we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KziAvb I
mybœvni Av‡jv‡K kwiqvn †gvZv‡eK gymjgvb‡`i Pjvi Rb¨ GK `xN© e³„Zv †`b|
†gvnv‡gWvb †mvmvBwUi H mfvq g`xbv kwi‡di mb¥vwbZ evwm›`v Ges bex Kwig (mvt)
Ab¨Zg mvnvex Avey AvBqye Avj Avbmvixi eskai †kL †gvnv¤§` G‡d›`v Avjx Avbmvix
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Zzi¯‹, †¯úbI AvdMvwb¯’vb mn wewfbœ †`‡ki weivRgvb cwiw¯’wZ eY©bv K‡ib| ZLbKvi
mg‡q g°v-gw`bv †_‡K eû Av‡jg Aev‡a fviZe‡l© G‡m ¯^vaxbfv‡e Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi
Ki‡Zb, Bs‡iR‡`i AbygwZ QvovB fvi‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Zb| Rbve Avjx Avbmvix wb‡RI cici
Pvievi fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡i `xN©w`b †_‡K, ¯’vbxq Av‡jg Ijvgv I mvaviY gymjgvb‡`i
mv‡_ gZwewbgq K‡i‡Qb| RygyAv-i bvgvh I C‡`i bvgvh Av`vq Ges Ab¨me agx©q
¯^vaxbZv we`¨gvb _vKvq wZwb fviZel©‡K `vi“j Bmjvg †NvlYv †`evi AbyKz‡j †Rviv‡jv
e³e¨ †ck K‡ib| †KvjKvZv †gvnv‡gWvb †mvmvBwUi mgv‡e‡k †kL †gvnv¤§` G‡d›`v Avjx
Avbmvixi Dcw¯’wZ mwgwZi fveg~wZ© evov‡jI fviZ‡K `vi“j Bmjvg †NvlYvq H mfvq
†Kv‡bv HK¨gZ cÖwZwôZ nqwb| Invexiv fviZ‡K `vi“j nie ev kΓ †`k wn‡m‡e ‡NvlYv
†`evi AbyKz‡j Zv‡`i hyw³ wQj: fviZe‡l© gymjgvb kvmK †bB, gymwjg AvBb †bB,
gymwjg wePviK †bB| †h †`‡k Bmjvgx kvmb bB †m †`k `vi“j Bmjvg n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡`i
g‡Z Bs‡iRMY ewnivMZ kΓ Zv‡`i fviZ †_‡K weZvo‡bi Rb¨ wRnv` Kiv diR| WweD WweD
nv›Uvi cÖYxZ w` BwÛqvb gymjgvb eBwUi 116 cvZvi wb‡b¥v³ DׄZvsk †_‡KB welqwU
mn‡R eySv hvq|
cÂg Aa¨vq
†KZvemgyn ch©v‡jvPbvt gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int)Gi gZev‡`i h_vh_ aviYv wb‡Z n‡j Zuvi
iwPZ eB¸wj cov `iKvi| ivngvb Avjx cÖYxZ Zvm& wKiv-B-Djvgv-B-wn›` (cvZv 171
jvL‡bŠ 1894 wLªt) G gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi †KZvemgyn GKwU Am¤c~Y© ZvwjKv †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z 46 wU wewfbœ †KZv‡ei bvg
D‡jL Kiv Av‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ 42wU eB‡qi bvg msMÖn Kiv †M‡Q hvi ZvwjKv bx‡P †ck Kiv
n‡jv:
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welqK
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gIjvbv
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D‡¤§ mvjgv 1990 mv‡j Zvi RªYxZ †_wmm Source
Material of History in Persian and Urdu Literature of 19th Century Bangladesh. gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx cÖYxZ PviwU †KZve h_v: 1| KvIjyj
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fvB‰qi gIjvbv nv‡g` mv‡ne Gi Kv‡Q mbyqvq _vK‡Zb| nVvr K‡i wZwb wbi“‡Ïk n‡q
†h‡Zb| mbyqv †_‡K †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi evgbx‡Z wZwb cÖvqB P‡j Avm‡Zb| †bvqvLjxi
†jv‡Kiv Zv‡K Lye fw³ KiZ| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) Zvi GB †Q‡j mb¥‡× gš—e¨ Ki‡Z
wM‡q ej‡Zb †h, ÔÔAvgvi cyÎwU `qvi cvÎ ÕÕ Zvi wel‡q eo †Q‡j nv‡dR Avng` mv‡ne‡K
wZwb ej‡Zb, erm Avgvi G gvRhye †Q‡jwUi cÖwZ we‡kl †Lqvj †i‡LvÕÕ D‡jL¨ †h,
gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) n‡¾ hvIqvi mgq Dgi mv‡ne‡K m‡½ wb‡qwQ‡jb Ges n¾ Kwi‡q
G‡bwQ‡jb| Zvi gvRvi mbyqv gIjvbv mv‡n‡ei evwoi gmwR‡`i cv‡k Aew¯’Z|
g&Ijvbv Avãyj AvDqvj mv‡ne
1283 wnRix /1866 mv‡j m›`x‡c †ev‡U Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) Gi
†Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨š— †gavex I D”P wkw¶Z| D”P wk¶vi Rb¨ wZwb g°v kix‡d
Mgb K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b `ÕyeQi Ae¯’vb K‡ib| D`y© I Aviex fvlvq Zvi cÖLi Ávb wQj|
wZwb nvw`m. wdKvn kwiqvn Ges gvmjv gvmv‡q‡ji Dci 121wU eB iPbv K‡ib| Zb¥‡a¨ 63
wUi Z_¨ W±i †gvnv¤§` Avãyjvn Zvi iwPZ gIjvbv Avãyj AvDqvj †RŠbcyix (int) kxl©K
eB‡Z cvIqv hvq| Rxe‡bi 55 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 33 eQi Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi I eB cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R
wZwb AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| gIjvbv Avãyj AvDqvj †RŠbcyix (int) 1339 wnRix 12
kvIqvj/2921 mv‡j gvwbKZjvq Zvi gvRvi Aew¯’Z|
AwRdv t
nhiZ
gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †RŠbcyix (int) Gi iwPZÔRwLiv†q KvivgZÕ Gi cª_g L‡Û hxbvZyj
gymjx †KZv‡ei †kl As‡k †h AwRdv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Zv Zvevii“K wn‡m‡e wb‡¤§ †`Iqv nj:
1| ‰`wbK dR‡ii bvgvh I gvMwi‡ei bvgv‡hi ci 7 evi ÔAvjvûgv Av‡Ribx wgbvbœviÕ
(†n Avjvn Avgv‡K †`vh‡Li Av¸b †_‡e gyw³ w`b) cvV Ki‡e| †Kvb e¨w³ D³ †`vqv dRi
bvgv‡hi ci 7 evi cvV K‡i hw` gviv hvb Avjvn ZvAvjv Zv‡K †`vh‡Li Avhve †_‡K
gyw³ †`‡eb| Abyi“cfv‡e gvMwi‡ei bvgv‡hi ci D³ †`vqv 7 evi cvV Ki‡j cvVKvix e¨w³
H iv‡Z gviv †M‡j Avjvn ZvAvjv Zv‡K †`vh‡Li Avhve †_‡K gyw³ †`‡eb|
2| cÖ‡Z¨K bvgv‡hi ci AvqvZzj Kzimx 1 evi Ges PviKj
1 evi cvV Ki‡j AvjvncvK †`vhL n‡Z bvRvZ †`‡eb| GK Iqv³ ‡_‡K Av‡iK Iqv³ bvgv‡hi
ga¨eZ©x mg‡q GB †`vqv cvVKvixi hw` g„Zz¨ nq Zvn‡j wZwb RvbœvZx n‡eb|
‰`wbK cuvP
Iqv³ bvgv‡hi ci Kibxq wKQy Avgj t
1| dR‡ii ci Ô jv-Bjvnv Bjvjvûj
gv‡jKzj nv°zj gywebÕ( Avjvn Qvov †Kvb gvey` †bB, wZwb cÖKvk¨ mZ¨) 100 evi cvV
Ki‡j ciKvjxb Avhve ‡_‡K gyw³ Ges `ywbqv‡Z wiwhK e„w× cv‡e|
2|‡Rvn‡ii ci Ô nvmeybvjvny Iqv
†bÔgvj IqvwKjÕ(Avjvn Avgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó wZwbB Dchy³ DwKj) 500 evi, hw` mgq Kg _v‡K
25 evi cvV Ki‡eb|
3| Avm‡ii ci Zmex‡n dv‡Zgx
wb¤§i“c co‡Z n‡et
myenvbvjvn (Avjvn cvK I
cweÎgq) 33 evi
Avjnvg`y wjjvn (mg¯Z cÖksmv
Avjvni Rb¨) 33 evi
Avjû AvKei (Avjvn gnvb) 34
evi
(D‡jL¨ †h,imyj (mt) Zuvi wcÖq
Kb¨v wewe dv‡Zgv‡K GB Zmexn cvV Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb e‡j G‡K Zmex‡n dv‡Zgx ejv
nq)
4| gvMwi‡ei ci Ô jv-Bjvnv
Bjvjvû gynv¤§&`yi ivmyjvnÕ(Avjvn Qvov †Kvb gvÔey` †bB, nhiZ gynv¤§` (mvt)
Avjvni †cÖwiZ ivmyj) 100 evi cvV Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| GÔkvi ci `i“` kix‡di g‡a¨ †h
†Kvb `i“` kixd 100evi cvV Ki‡eb| g‡b PvB‡j bvgv‡h emv Ae¯’vq cwVZ `i“` cvV Kiv
hvq| `i“` cv‡Vi ci myiv gyjK (cweÎ †KviAv‡bi 29 cviv, 67 Zg myiv) cvV Ki‡Z n‡e|
bmxnZ t gIjvbv byi“i ingvb Zvi iwPZ Zvh‡KivZzj AvIwjqv (lô LÛ) Gi 12-15
cvZvq gIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx (int) Gi 19wU bmxnZ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zb¥‡a¨ Zvevii“K
wn‡m‡e wKQy wb‡æ ‡`Iqv n‡jv-
1| ‡bKKvi‡`i †mvne‡Z _vKv †bKKvR Kivi †P‡qI DËg| Avi cvcvPvix‡`i
†mvne‡Z _vKv cvc KvR Kivi †P‡q Lvivc|
2| Kv‡d‡ii †mvne‡Zi †P‡q †e`ÕAvZx †jv‡Ki †mvne‡Z AwaK g›`|
3| `ywbqv Qvqvi Zzj¨ Avi Av‡LivZ my‡h©i b¨vq| Qvqvi w`‡K hZB avweZ
n‡e, KLbI Qvqv‡K ai‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ my‡h©i w`‡K hZB †h‡Z _vK‡e QvqvI m‡½ m‡½
hv‡e|
4| AvDwjqv‡q †Kiv‡gi g‡a¨ hw`
†KD `ywbqv Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb, Zv gvby‡li DcKv‡ii Rb¨B K‡i‡Qb|
5| Avjvn ZvAvjv gvbyl‡K
gyi‡k‡`i DwQjvq †n`v‡qZ K‡ib|
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